Known as "the king of pasture," it is not only high in yield, but also excellent in grass quality, and all kinds of livestock and poultry are fond of eating. At present, China's alfalfa planting has accumulated about 1.33 million hm2. With the development of the commodity economy, the scale of industrialization has developed rapidly in recent years, and the cultivation of alfalfa is expanding. In order to more scientifically plant alfalfa and improve the quality and yield of alfalfa products, the technical points of alfalfa cultivation and cultivation management are now introduced as follows.
First, farming technology
(1) The land selection is adaptable and can be grown in various terrains and soils. However, the most suitable conditions are sandy loam with soft soil, pH 6.5-7.5, winter temperature -20 °C, annual precipitation of 300-800 mm, and should not be planted in low-lying and water-prone areas. Mild saline-alkali ground can be planted, but salt-pressing measures should be taken when the soil contains more than 0.3% salt. In order to facilitate mechanized transportation and operation management, we should try to choose a plot with convenient transportation and large-area contiguous irrigation and drainage measures.
(2) The seeds of the whole land are small, the seedling stage grows slowly, and it is vulnerable to weeds. It must be finely ground before sowing. The land preparation time is best in the summer, deep turning, deep squatting, turning the weeds into the deep. Before the autumn sowing, if there are many weeds, it is necessary to deepen one or more times or rotate the tillage once, then flatten it to meet the sowing requirements. There are nodules in the roots, which can provide nitrogen nutrition for the roots. Under normal conditions, nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended. According to relevant research, the effect of increasing the yield after applying phosphate fertilizer is obvious, and the effect of applying the base fertilizer once and after the staged fertilization is basically the same. Before the sowing, the organic fertilizer was applied 2-3m2/mu and the pure phosphorus was 8-16kg/mu. Due to the large amount of potassium in the stems and leaves during the growth of alfalfa, potassium can be applied to maintain high yield in some places. In order to prevent the occurrence of weeds in the seedling stage, 48% of trifluralin (100m1/mu) is sprayed before sowing. In the soil, combined with the ground preparation screwed into 5cm soil, the effective period can reach 3-5 months.
Second, sowing
(1) Choosing the right type of suitable seed is the first step to success. Because cockroaches are perennial plants, after one sowing, they use 2-3 years, and often use 4-5 years. Once they are wrong, they are damaged for several years. At present, the domestic varieties have better performances such as Baoding苜蓿, Gannong No.1 hybrid flower bud, Xinjiang big leaf 苜蓿, 敖汉苜蓿, Zhongyu No.1 salt tolerance 苜蓿. The better introductions from abroad include the Queen of the United States, WL323, WL320, Ansta, Bailu, and Japan’s Liruo and Beiruo Ye. The varieties introduced abroad are of good erectness and are conducive to mechanized harvesting.
(II) Seed Treatment Domestically produced seeds have more impurities and quality cannot be guaranteed, so they must be cleaned so that the purity is over 90%, the germination rate is over 85%, and the purity is over 98%. Seeds before sowing are best processed by pelleting. According to the formula of 500kg of seed + 150kg of coating material + 1.5kg of binder + 75kg of water + 1.5kg of ammonium molybdate, the seed can be robustly grown in the seedling stage without being harmed by pests and weeds.
(3) Sowing time In the two-year-old area in the north, it is generally used in autumn. The soil has sufficient water, suitable temperature, and fewer weeds and pests. In Shaanxi, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Tianjin, and Beijing, the best sowing season is from August 10 to September 10. Too late affects normal wintering.
(4) Seeding methods and seeding rates Most of the areas are mainly strips, with a line spacing of 30cm, which is conducive to ventilation and light field management. The amount of sowing is generally about lkg/mu, and the amount of planting should be less, the saline-alkali land should be more appropriate, and the seeding volume is too small. The sowing depth is the key to affecting the quality of the emergence. Generally, the sowing is too deep, and the optimum depth is 0.5-1 cm.
Third, field management
(1) Weeding and weeding is a main content of the management of the field. One is in the seedling stage, and the other is in the summer harvest. Because of the weak growth in these two periods, the weed damage is more serious. Especially after harvesting in summer, the hydrothermal synchronous weeds grow fast, no matter what method is adopted, it must be timely regulated. Be careful when choosing a herbicide to avoid poisoning the animals.
(2) Water consumption and drainage are large, and water consumption is 800L per lkg of dry matter. Watering before winter, after returning to green, and during drought. Coastal, low-lying land should pay attention to the rainy season drainage, flooding will kill after 24 hours.
(3) Prevention and treatment of pests and diseases When pests and diseases occur during the birth period, they must be prevented in time, otherwise it will affect the yield and quality. Generally, it is sprayed with chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, fenvalerate, etc. to control pests, such as rust, brown spot, downy mildew, and control with carbendazim and thiophanate.
Fourth, harvesting
(1) The harvesting period is generally started at the beginning of flowering period, that is, when the flowering reaches 1/10, the harvesting is started, and the flowering period cannot be exceeded at the latest.
(2) The number of harvesting and the height of stubble are perennial plants, which are highly regenerative and can be harvested 3-4 times a year. The last harvest is not too late, otherwise it will affect the accumulation of nutrients, which is not conducive to safe wintering. Generally, 40-50 days of growth period should be set after harvesting. The height of the stubble is preferably 5 cm.
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