“Health†is a term widely used in today's world, but what exactly is it defined? What is a real healthy body? This is a question that must be answered first.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health: “Health is a physical, mentally perfect state, and a good adaptability, not just a state of no disease and weakness. (Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity.). This definition is relatively complete, covering physical, psychological, social and moral aspects.
However, from a more scientific point of view, this definition of WHO still appears to be vague and difficult to quantify with clear indicators. To this end, scientists have conducted extensive research and discussion on this, and proposed various definitions to define health.
The world famous health expert Hoffman defines: It is a state which the one adapts to the changing environment. The definition has a certain representativeness, and its definition scope covers the human body and other animal bodies, emphasizing the interrelationship between the body and the environment, and also conforms to the viewpoint of the unity of heaven and man emphasized by the "Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" in China. "Nei Jing" said, "The ancients, their knowers, the law of yin and yang, and the number of surgery, food and drink have festivals, daily life is always, do not work, so can shape and God, and end the day I am going to be a hundred years old."
For the definition of health, we must emphasize the relationship between the body and the environment, both of which are indispensable. When a person changes the environment, he no longer adapts to the new environment. This is also an unhealthy performance. For the pig industry, the northern breeding pigs have arrived in the South and cannot adapt to life in the South. It is also an unhealthy performance. How can a pig in a farm be healthy and sold to another farm? If it does not perform well, it cannot be considered a healthy breeding pig. The breeding pigs that "have a good day at home and are difficult to go out at half time" are definitely not excellent breeding pigs. This is a phenomenon that must be given enough attention in the current pig industry.
Of course, both Darwin's "natural selection" theory and "traditional nature" in China's traditional thinking emphasize the passive adaptation of the body to the natural world. The active adaptation mechanism of the body has not been emphasized and studied in depth. There is a “life-first†mechanism in both individual life and group life that strives to continue its race (see separate article).
Health can only be a relative concept, and there is no absolute health.
1. Healthy components
The health of the body must be composed of the following elements: proper nutrition, normal metabolism, proper immune function, no internal or external stimulation, reasonable distribution of blood distribution and normal function.
1.1 Supply balanced nutrition
In the study of nutrition, due to the development of modern science and technology, scientists have separated the nutrients such as protein, fat, sugar, vitamins, minerals and water for research, but did not examine the physiological effects of these substances as a whole. As a result, there has been a phenomenon of “cutting the foot and being fitâ€.
The type of feed that is raised in stages in pig production is essentially a practice of “removing the east wall and replenishing the western wallâ€. In order to adapt to the development of the pig industry, there should be a universal formula suitable for the perfect feed from birth to end of life. The practice of staging in stages is a discordant note in modern breeding science and should not be encouraged to develop.
Piglets, middle pigs and big pigs are different in nutritional needs, but this attribute should not be used as an excuse to develop a staged feed, because this attribute is only a quantitative difference at best, and there is no qualitative difference. The preparation of a uniform, life-long feed is the ultimate goal of the development of the feed industry. Of course, in order to adapt to the growth of the herd, the form of the feed can vary, such as paste feed, wet material, powder material or pellets, and the like.
In addition, in modern pig production, high-zinc feed is used to prevent diarrhea, but the longer the high-zinc feed is kept, the more severe the anemia of the pig. There is only one kind of perfect feed, which requires people's joint efforts to divide the feed into five stages. It is a stupid behavior of human beings. At best, it can only be regarded as a commercial unconventional.
In short, in a word, in order to ensure the health of the body, it is vital that the body obtain complete nutrition.
1.2 Excretion of metabolic waste
After eating the food, the body naturally produces various types of waste, which must be excreted into the body in time. Otherwise, the waste will become a substance that is toxic to the body. The excretion of toxic substances depends on the liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, lungs and skin.
Most of the waste is excreted through the water, so water is extremely important to the body. Water (H2O) is mainly excreted in two ways: kidney and lung. The excretion of water by the kidney is easy to understand. However, the excretion of water by the lungs is often overlooked and largely ignored.
Chinese medicine believes that "the lungs and the large intestines are in the same table", the constipation occurs in the body. If the laxative is used like Western medicine, it will lose more water and only increase the state of constipation, but Chinese medicine believes that prevention of constipation should be from "clearing the lungs." "Getting warm", clear lung heat can make the lungs take less water when breathing, and the large intestine no longer causes dryness to produce constipation. To deal with health issues, we must maintain this overall concept, "headaches, pains and pains" can only be a manifestation of awkward behavior in Western medicine.
Therefore, maintaining a complete discharge state of the body is also an important means of maintaining health.
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1.3 Avoid immunosuppression
The occurrence of immunosuppressive state comes from two aspects, congenital immunosuppression and acquired immunosuppressive state. The former is caused by the long-term exposure of heavy metals, mycotoxins and serious infections to the mother (even the father), resulting in low immune function, or parental Long-term abnormal cleanliness results in unactivated immune activity, and since these types of immune activity have significant inheritance, they can be more accurately called inherited immunity.
Acquired immunity is the immune capacity formed by the animal's body after being born with environmental stimuli. In current pig production, due to the excessive use of antibiotics, vaccines, heavy metals, or due to excessive disinfection of the environment, the formation of acquired immune function has also been seriously impeded. Since this type of immune response has obvious autonomic properties, it can be visually called autoimmune.
In summary, the formation of immunosuppression is a combined effect of inheritance of immunity and autoimmune dysfunction.
The emergence of an immunosuppressive state is a major enemy of health.
1.4 Avoid internal and external injuries
Trauma and infection (viral infection, bacterial infection, etc.) are important causes of inflammatory reactions in the body. Although inflammation is an important indicator of the body's immune response, long-term inflammatory reactions will consume the body's immune buffering capacity, and eventually lead to immunosuppression.
Avoiding trauma and infection is also one of the ways to maintain your health. Avoiding trauma is easier to do, but avoiding infections, especially internal infections, is not an easy task, involving immunization (inherited immunity and autoimmune), nutrition, and excretion.
In addition, attention must be paid to the impact of environmental changes on the body. Autumn pig houses should be kept at a low temperature to adapt to the cold winter climate; spring pig houses should maintain a high temperature to adapt to the hot summer climate.
1.5 normal blood distribution and diffusion capacity
Blood distribution mainly refers to the ability of blood (plasma) in the body to distribute in tissues. The ability to spread blood is an important indicator of the health of the body. Moderate blood distribution and diffusion rate are important foundations for maintaining the health of the body.
Blood distribution and diffusion: Pathogens easily spread to their target sites, and the ability to control blood flow is weakened. Once blood function is severely affected, it is in a state of septicemia. Slow blood distribution and diffusion: It is difficult for nutrients to reach various tissues. The stiff pigs that appear in modern pig production are caused by the weakening of blood distribution and diffusion.
The ability to spread blood is a balanced process. Too low or too high a diffusion rate is unfavorable to the body.
1.6 normal immune function of the body
The normal immune function of the body comes from two aspects: inheritance immunity and autoimmunity.
Inheritance Immunity: The process of parental immunity to children. Autoimmune: The immunity acquired by the body after it contacts the external environment. Immune function is a comprehensive manifestation of inherited immunity (innate immunity) and autoimmune (acquired immunity).
In modern pig production, due to over-emphasis on disinfection and closed breeding, inherited immunity has been greatly weakened, and autonomic immunity has been insufficiently formed, resulting in a high susceptibility of modern pigs to adverse environments. It can be considered that “closed breedingâ€, “all in and outâ€, “air filtrationâ€, “early weaningâ€, “high bed breedingâ€, etc. are all short-term behaviors for the entire pig industry. Eventually it will cause a major disaster in the industry. In this regard, whether it is the manager, practitioner or scientific worker of the pig industry, there must be a clear understanding of this.
Excessive intensity of the immune response indicates that the body is hurting a lot, and the body's response is rather intense, which should be taken seriously. However, it is also an abnormal phenomenon that the immune response is highly inhibited.
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2. Quantitative evaluation of health status
Quantitative evaluation of health status has always been a human dream, and abandoning the subjective speculation of health has always been the goal pursued and worked by scientists. Realizing the quantification of health status can truly feel health, can achieve real control of health, and can help find more scientific methods to maintain health.
In the various tissues, organs and systems of the body, various components are closely related to the state of health. However, according to research, the distribution of blood components can better represent the health of the body, which has been confirmed by scientific experiments.
Using computer mathematical models and blood (physiological and biochemical) parameters, the following various indicators can be obtained. These indicators have important theoretical and practical significance for explaining the health status of the body.
2.1 Malnutrition index
When the body can't get enough nutrients such as protein, sugar, fat, vitamins and minerals, or the body can get enough nutrients, but the imbalance is caused by the imbalance between nutrients, the body will also Malnutrition has occurred. At this time, the malnutrition index will be greater than 0. The larger the index, the more serious the malnutrition of the body. The vast majority of malnutrition that occurs in the current herd is not due to insufficient nutrients in the feed, but to imbalances in nutrients.
2.2 Poisoning index
The body obtains enough substances from the outside, some substances are converted into nutrients and absorbed by the body, and some substances become substances harmful to the body. If these harmful substances cannot be detoxified by the liver or detoxified by the kidneys, the poisons accumulate in the body, and the body will present Poisoning status. At this time, the poisoning index will be greater than 0. The larger the index, the more serious the poisoning of the body.
Due to the “life-first†mechanism in the body, the body's response to poisoning is to excrete toxins or reduce the burden on the liver. In the event of poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea and miscarriage are the main clinical manifestations.
2.3 Immunosuppression index
When the body is exposed to external disturbances for a long time or the ability to inherit immunity is insufficient, the body will have an immunosuppressive state and low immune function. At this time, the immunosuppressive index will be greater than 0, and the larger the index, the more serious the immunosuppressive state of the body.
Of course, excessive vaccination and antibiotic addition and the use of heavy metals can also cause the body's immunosuppressive state. Long-term poisoning is one of the important causes of immunosuppression in current herds.
2.4 Inflammatory index
When the body is traumatized or infected by bacteria or viruses, the body develops an immune response and presents an inflammatory state. Appropriate inflammatory reactions are beneficial to the body to eliminate the pathogen, but long-term inflammatory reactions may even lead to the appearance of immunosuppression. The body has an inflammatory reaction. At this time, the inflammation index will be greater than 0. The larger the index, the more serious the inflammatory response of the body.
2.5 blood distribution index
The speed at which the body transports nutrients and the ability to limit the spread of pathogens in the body are closely related to the health of the body. There is an appropriate range of blood distribution index, preferably around 100, below 80 or over 120, all of which are abnormal performance.
2.6 Immune intensity index and immune buffer
The immune cells and immune factors in the body form the immune activity of the body. The greater the immune intensity index, the stronger the immediate immune response of the body, and the greater the potential damage to the body.
2.7 Health Index
The health index is an important indicator to describe the body's instantaneous immune function potential and immune transmission and transmission. The higher the index, the stronger the resistance against external environmental changes, and the lower the index, the more likely the body is to have various health problems.
The health evaluation system stipulates that the health index of a healthy body is greater than 100. If the body with a health index below 70 is a pathological organism, the body with a health index of 70 and 100 belongs to a sub-health state.
In China's current pig industry, the proportion of pigs with a health index above 100 is less than 50%, and more than 50% of the pigs are in a sub-health state and morbid state, which is the root cause of the low PSY in China's pigs.
Through research, it is found that inherited immunity occurs smoothly, acquired acquired immunity works well, the body's health index will even be greater than 200, and the body's immune buffer capacity is strong (such as wild mice). However, in a completely closed herd, it is not easy to be disturbed by the outside world. The health index of these individuals can also be around 200. However, due to the hindered immunity, autoimmunity is poor. Although the health index is high, the immune buffer capacity is limited. Prone to health problems. Therefore, we must pay attention to the “virtual high†status of the herd health index. The immune buffer capacity of pigs in the “virtual high†state of the health index is extremely limited.
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3. Investigation of the recent health status of the herd and analysis of the causes of health problems
3.1 Diarrhea problems
Although there is evidence that diarrhoea has a strong relationship with epidemic diarrhea, this spring's diarrhea is more closely related to the excessive cold in spring. It is necessary to attach great importance to the dialectical relationship between lung diseases and intestinal diseases. When pneumonitis occurs in the body, the lungs are hot and the water is excessively dispersed. The water in the large intestine is lacking and constipation occurs. The body encounters cold weather, the lungs are cold, and water accumulates in the large intestine, which is prone to diarrhea. Therefore, for the piglet diarrhea problem, we must attach great importance to the importance of insulation work.
In addition, when the body is poisoned, it is also prone to lung cold (even hypothermia), which can easily lead to diarrhea. The rise in feedstock prices is often closely related to the decline in quality. In the spring of 2011, pigs with diarrhea suffered severe liver damage, detoxification of the body, and vomiting was the first symptom. Therefore, we must pay attention to the significant inducement of poisoning in diarrhea.
3.2 Sow return and abortion problems
Poisoning is also the main cause of sow return and abortion. When the gilts are not estrus, endometritis occurs after breeding, or the sows start to eat immediately after abortion. These phenomena are basically related to the poisoning state of the body, without suspecting bacterial or viral infection, no need to use vaccine emergency vaccination. And drugs and other measures to eliminate the source of poison and liver protection is the most effective solution.
3.3 The pigs grow slowly, grow long, and lose weight
When the herd grows slowly, grows long, and loses weight, it is important to pay attention to the nutritional problem, that is, the quality of the feed. Due to the increase in feed ingredients, the quality of feed in 2010 and 2011 has generally declined, and many pigs in China have suffered from malnutrition.
3.4 High fever problem
The pathogen of hyperthermia is still an unsolved problem, but the high fever in summer can be divided into at least two basic types, one type is caused by heat heat, and the problem can be solved by using heat-reducing or detoxification; another type For the cold, or the heat conversion, if you use the method of lowering the body temperature (antibiotics or cooling drugs), it can only add to the snow, increasing the mortality rate of the herd.
Since 2006, the high fever phenomenon in summer pigs in China is basically a disease similar to “virtual heat†rather than “real heatâ€. Cool drugs such as antibiotics are not recommended or used excessively.
4. Strategies for implementing health status maintenance
4.1 Nutrients are based on equilibrium, not on the basis of abundance or excess
Especially in feed formulations, heavy metals and antibiotics should not be used excessively, and mycotoxin adsorbents should be used with caution to prevent excessive interference with nutrient absorption.
4.2 Questions regarding the selection and use of swine fever vaccine.
Spleen seedlings: It is a huge retrogression in the development of vaccines for pigs; 1. High prices and more fraud; 2. Vaccine culture environment is uncontrollable.
Cell seedlings: culture medium, culture temperature, culture time and environment are controllable, and the quality can be detected.
The best option to avoid maternal antibodies that may interfere with the vaccine is to vaccinate adult pigs and implement a “one-time, one-off†vaccination strategy. Unfortunately, the desire of vaccine manufacturers to pursue benefits has prevented the implementation of this recommendation.
4.3 Emphasize the role of inheritance immunity and autoimmunity, and re-evaluate the harmfulness of closed breeding
Closed feeding is not the future direction of the pig industry, because it interferes with inherited immunity and autoimmune, the body becomes more susceptible, and the body is prone to infection and other health problems.
4.4 Emphasis on the theoretical significance and practical significance of the “before low and high†of the health index
Although the health index is an important indicator for assessing the health of the body, it cannot blindly pursue a high health index. The constant health index is crucial, and the body's ability to adapt to changing environments is crucial. Maintaining the “before low and high†of the pig health index has important theoretical and practical significance.
Therefore, health is the body's ability to adapt to changing environments.
About the Author:
Fan Fuhao, Director of Quality Supervision and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Guangzhou), Director of the Testing Department, Secretary General of the Guangdong Pig Industry Association, Ph.D., Researcher, Founder of the Health Evaluation System, confirmed for the first time in the world by experiments. Serum/plasma is colorless rather than pale yellow, and invented the in vitro detection method of the body's blood distribution and diffusion ability, providing practical possibilities for controlling zombies.
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