Feed formula is the nutritional standard for pig feed and the core technology for feed production. The feed formula should not only pay attention to the standard, but also must be combined with the local situation; it must be based on quality, but also on feasibility and economy; it is necessary to emphasize legitimacy and safety. In short, in a word, it is conducive to the growth of the farm, which is conducive to human consumption!
Formulation design is the core technology of feed production, and it is also the crystallization and medium of animal nutrition and breeding. The design level of feed formula is not only related to the efficiency and image of the enterprise, but also to the rational utilization of feed resources and the sustainable development of animal husbandry production in one region and the whole country. The design of scientific and reasonable feed formula requires not only microscopic and careful consideration of the nutritional needs, safety and hygiene of farmed animals, but also the ecological benefits of feed resource depletion and irreversible prevention in the region and the country as a whole. Therefore, only the target of the feed formula should be placed on the combination of economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit, taking full account of the factors affecting the preparation effect of the diet, such as variety, gender, age, weight, feeding conditions and feeding methods. In order to design a high-quality feed formula that utilizes the same kind of feed resources, improves product quality, and reduces feeding costs. To this end, this article gives a brief description of several issues that should be noted in the design of pig feed formula, for reference only.First, pay attention to the flexible application of feeding standards, scientifically determine the nutritional standards of feed formulations
Feeding standards refer to the minimum amount of nutrients required for a certain variety of healthy livestock and poultry under optimal conditions to achieve optimal production performance. It is a summary of animal nutrition research results and animal husbandry development level in a certain period of time, and is the main basis for formula design. However, due to the constraints of the tested breeds of livestock, the quality of the tested feed, and the environmental conditions of the test, the breeding standards have obvious time lag, static, regional and optimal production performance rather than the best economic benefits. In addition, due to differences in feeding environments, conditions, animal breeds, and production levels in various countries and regions, it is only relatively reasonable to determine the feeding standards. For example, in 1987, the nutrition standard of lean pigs in China stipulated that the ratio of lysine/digestibility of piglets was 0.5, and that of 1998 in the United States was 0.81. With lysine as 100%, Chinese and American standards are: egg + cystine 65%, 57%, threonine 98%, 65%, tryptophan 25%, I8%, the difference between the two standards is too . At the same time, the quality requirements of the nutritional indicators in the formula are constantly updated, such as the deep intrinsic quality of protein indicators from crude protein content to digestible proteins, amino acids, available amino acids, and even amino acids. In terms of mineral trace elements, not only must we meet the safe dosage, but also need to fully coordinate the antagonistic laws between different elements; for some raw materials containing toxic or harmful substances or anti-nutritional factors, we must also consider the destruction of nutrients by its processing technology. Factors such as residues of toxins. Therefore, in the design of feed formula, the standard of feeding can not be carried out. Within the scope permitted by national standards, according to the results of animal experiments based on different feeding objects, the feeding standards can be flexibly applied from the following four aspects:
1. Different varieties (genotypes) use different nutrient levels. The genetic basis of the pig, the nutrient content of the diet and the proportional relationship between the nutrients and the interaction between the pig and the dietary factors all have an impact on the use of nutrients in the diet. It is an indisputable fact that there is a significant difference in the dry matter, energy and protein digestibility of the diet between fat, lean and dual-use pigs. It is generally believed that under the same conditions, lean pigs need more protein than meat fat pigs, and ternary hybrid lean meat requires more protein than binary hybrid lean pigs. Therefore, when formulating pig's diet, it is not only based on the feeding standards of different economic types of pigs and the feed nutrients provided, but also according to the unique biological characteristics, production direction and production performance of different varieties, and with reference to the formation of the varieties. The history of nutritional conditions, taking into account the characteristics of different varieties and the composition of dietary raw materials, scientifically designing the nutrients in the formula after estimating the quantitative relationship between nutrient conversion between pigs and diets and possible changes. The content makes the nutrients contained in the feed more fully utilized.
2. Different levels of nutrition are used in different stages of production. Pigs have different nutrient requirements at different physiological stages. Although the nutritional requirements of various pigs have been specified in the feeding standards of pigs, which is the basis for formula design, in the formulation design, scientific phased formulas should be carried out in consideration of the special nutrient requirements of different physiological stages. It is also necessary to pay attention to the palatability, volume and digestibility of the feed after the combination, in order to achieve the effect of improving the utilization rate of the feed and giving full play to the production performance of the pig. For example, early weaned piglets have the physiological characteristics of high metabolism, rapid growth and high feed utilization rate, but they are also characterized by small digester tube volume and imperfect digestive function. In formula design, it is necessary to consider its nutritional needs, but also Pay attention to the digestibility, palatability, volume and other factors of the feed.
3. Different nutrition levels are adopted for different genders. According to a comprehensive study of nine test stations conducted by Mito NCR-4I Pig Nutrition Committee, the protein requirements of boars and gilts showed that the protein content of the diet increased from 13% to 16%. Does not affect the weight gain and feed utilization of boars, the carcass composition has not changed; while the protein content of the gilts diet has increased from 13% to 16%, weight gain and feed utilization have increased, eye muscle area and The lean meat rate decreased linearly. They concluded that when the protein content in the feed is at least 16%, the performance of the gilts is optimal, while the protein content in the rams is 13% to 14%. Good level.
4. Different levels of nutrition are used in different seasons. According to reports, for every 1 degree increase in temperature, the daily intake of pigs drops by about 40 grams: if the ambient temperature exceeds the optimal temperature by 5 to 10 ° C, the daily feed intake will drop by 20 to 400 grams. As a result of the reduction in feed intake, malnutrition, changes in biochemical effects, disordered enzyme activity and metabolic processes, and affect the performance of production performance. To this end, different seasons should be formulated with different nutritional concentrations to meet their physiological needs. For the hot summer, in order to ensure the nutritional needs of pigs, we should pay attention to adjusting the feed formula, increasing the nutrient concentration, especially increasing the content of fats, amino acids, vitamins and trace elements in the diet, reducing the unit volume of the feed, and adding KCL appropriately. Electrolytes such as NaHCO3 to ensure the supply of nutrients and slow down the decline in their production performance.
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Second, pay attention to the quality and availability of feed ingredients
The quality of feed products depends on the quality of the feed ingredients, in addition to the formulation technology. To this end, it is necessary to design and formulate high quality feed formulations. Pay attention to the following issues when selecting feed ingredients:
l, the nutrient content of raw materials. China has a vast territory, a wide variety of soils, and a large climate difference. Even the same feed has different nutrient content due to different origins, varieties, processing methods and quality grades. Like corn, different origins, varieties, grades, the content of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat in them varies widely. It is necessary to select products with high potency, good stability and dosage forms that meet the requirements of compound feed production. Therefore, when formulating juice, we must pay attention to the value of nutrient content of raw materials, and try to make the nutrient content of raw materials relatively reasonable or close. The formulated feed can meet the physiological needs of the pig, and can produce the product quality standard without wasting the feed material.
2. Digestibility and volume of feed ingredients. The characteristics of the feed ingredients, sources, processing methods, etc. are different, and the total nutrient content can be digested and utilized by the animals. At the same time, the volume of the diet should be appropriate. Too large will not only increase the burden of the digestive tract, but also affect the digestion and absorption of the feed. Moreover, due to the excessive volume, the nutrient deficiency after pig food will affect the growth and development. Especially when using low-cost raw materials for nutrient replacement, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors such as the appropriate ratio and digestibility of different nutrients, and can not replace the nutrient content balance, but ignore the volume and digestibility of the substitute. Therefore, when selecting the raw material design formula, attention should be paid to the digestibility and volume of the feed, so that the nutritional balance of the formula, the high digestibility and the volume are moderate, so that the prepared feed can achieve the desired effect.
3. The palatability of raw materials. The amount of pig feed intake is mainly affected by factors such as pig weight, gender and health status, ambient temperature and feed quality and nutrient concentration. For healthy pigs, the palatability of the feed is the main reason for determining the amount of pig feed. Therefore, on the basis of considering the nutritional value, digestibility and price factors of the feed, it is necessary to use a good feed material with good palatability to ensure that the feed can make the pigs eat enough.4. Appropriate ratio between nutrients of raw materials. The relationship between nutrients can be summarized as two aspects of synergy and antagonism. Synergistic effect can improve the utilization of feed nutrients, improve feed remuneration, and reduce feeding costs. Unreasonable ratio or antagonism will reduce the use effect and even cause side effects. It is advisable for a qualified company to conduct a pilot study or to revise the formulation design criteria based on accumulated breeding experience.
5. Availability of feed ingredients. Formulation should be based on economic and practical principles, using local feed ingredients that are easy to purchase, finding the best alternative raw materials, achieving optimal distribution of limited resources and complementing multiple substances.
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