In order to grasp the status quo of private forests, the US Department of Agriculture's Forest Service will conduct regular sample surveys. According to the latest “National Forester Survey (2002-2006)â€, there are 10.22 million forest owners in the United States, with a forest area of ​​251.97 million acres (1 acre = 0.4047 hectares).
In terms of the size of the forest owner, more than 6.22 million people (60%) have less than 10 acres of forest, and less than 20 acres of forest owners account for about 3/4 of the total forest owners. The number of large forest owners above 100 acres adds up. 5%, while the forest area accounts for 50%.
From the age composition of the forest owner, the most from 55 to 60 years old, 3.069 million; followed by the forest owners of 45 to 54 years old and 65 to 74 years old. In terms of occupational distribution, retirees account for about half, and mental workers such as civil servants and technicians also account for a large part, and farmers only account for 4.4%. From the perspective of owning forests, 70.3% of forest owners enjoy nature and scenery, 51.5% protect nature and biodiversity, 34.1% of investment land, 47.1% of inherited children, and 25.1% of hunting and fishing. Wait. Although forest owners for the purpose of timber production account for only 11.1%, there are actually quite a few forest owners selling wood. Although it only has dozens of acres of forest, and it can be harvested once in 20 years, there are still many forest owners who get all kinds of information from the state government’s forestry research company, forest owners’ association and consulting company, when they think it is appropriate. Selling wood.
Another major feature of private forest owners in the United States is that most forest owners acquire forest land through purchase. According to the results of the national forest survey, 75.4% of the methods for obtaining forest land are purchased, almost all of which are personal-to-individual real estate transactions.
The southern United States has a very high forest coverage and private forest share, which is the thriving land of family forests. In the southern forest area, non-industrial private forests accounted for 69.9%, plus enterprise forests, private forest ownership rate as high as 87.2%. Alabama's forest coverage is over 70%. Most of the agricultural land used to be cotton fields and pastures relied on artificial or natural regeneration to form forests. The plantations were almost entirely pine trees, and the natural forests were mostly mixed forests of broad-leaved trees and pine trees. Alabama does not have laws governing forest management, and forest owners are free to deal with the forests they have. Harvesting is mainly based on clear cutting. There is no restriction on the cutting method and the area of ​​clear cutting. After harvesting, regular land preparation, weeding and fire prevention are carried out. The forest owner is obliged to report the fire situation to the state government's county office in a timely manner. The state's forestry fixed assets tax is lower, at an average of $2.50 per acre, and the adjacent Georgia state is $15 to $20.
The private forest rate in the northern region (including the central and western regions) is also high, with non-industrial private forests accounting for 62.0%. Wisconsin has a forest coverage of around 45%, and the northern part of the state is known as the main source of white pine. The forests in the central to southern regions are almost all deciduous broad-leaved forests dominated by eucalyptus, pecans and maples.
Wisconsin is characterized by a higher fixed-asset tax on forest land and an average economic forest of $33.34 per acre. The government has established a forest management law to reduce taxes and fees. In the case of timber production under the law, the tax reduction is 95% or 75%. The consent of the forest land to the general public is reduced by 95%, and if it is disapproved, it is reduced by 75%, but the forest owners surveyed almost all accept 75% reduction.
In the northwestern United States, forests under the jurisdiction of state-owned forests and other federal governments account for more than half, enterprise forests account for 20.7%, and non-industrial private forests account for 19.2%. Compared with other regions, non-industrial private forests are relatively less important. Oregon's forest coverage rate is 45%, especially in the west of the Cascade Mountains near the Pacific coast. The climate is warm and humid, with high-accumulation stands with a height of more than 50 meters. Washington State, adjacent to the northern part of the state, is the main producer of American pine and American hemlock. Due to the spotted owl problem, the state's timber production and sawmills decreased after the 1990s, but measures were taken to shift to new growth points and expand the scale of sawmills.
Oregon is one of the most stringent states in the United States with forest management rules. In the early 1970s, it was proposed to reduce the environmental load, which has a great impact on large-scale state-owned forests that advocate forest science management. Strictly in line with the business rules, the subsidies for preferential subsidies and taxes for private forests are also perfect, and the management level of private forests is relatively high. From the rate of development of forest management plans, the national average is 5%, while Oregon is about 20%.
From the comparison of non-industrial private forests in the three states of Alabama, Wisconsin, and Oregon, the small forest owners in Wisconsin have the highest proportion of forests, and more than 80% of the forests belong to forest owners below 200 acres. In contrast, in Alabama and Oregon, the proportion of small forest owners of the same size is below half, at 46.1% and 47.3% respectively. Alabama and Oregon's big forest owners have a large forest area. Especially in Oregon, the majority of forests with more than 1,000 acres of forests account for 30%. The difference between Alabama and Oregon is reflected in the small forest class. For example, the small forest owners below 50 acres, Oregon and Wisconsin are both 30%, while Alabama is only about 10%. It can be seen that many forest owners in Oregon, like Wisconsin, show the polarization of large-scale and small-scale strata.
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