**Breakthrough in Laser-Controlled Nuclear Fusion**
*Controlled laser nuclear fusion device “deuterium-tritium target†and gold-plated radiation chamber containing the target*
*National Ignition Target Room (192 lasers focused on a small helium-neon target)*
According to Xinhuanet, U.S. researchers have made a significant breakthrough in controlled nuclear fusion experiments, achieving for the first time a "net energy gain" during the ignition process of a nuclear fusion reaction.
While humans have already achieved uncontrolled nuclear fusion—such as in hydrogen bomb explosions—controlled nuclear fusion, often referred to as the "artificial sun," remains a major scientific challenge. To harness this energy effectively, the process must be carefully managed so that the energy produced exceeds the energy required to initiate it.
Fusion requires an initial input of energy to "ignite" the fuel. This is typically done by heating the fuel to extremely high temperatures. In the Sun, this is achieved through immense pressure and heat, but on Earth, we can't replicate such conditions. Instead, we rely on high-energy lasers to create the necessary environment for fusion to occur.
At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, scientists recently succeeded in creating a tiny spherical particle filled with hydrogen isotopes—so thin that it's equivalent to just one strand of hair. This particle was placed inside a miniature capsule and then bombarded with powerful laser beams, heating it to temperatures hotter than the core of the Sun. The result was a fusion reaction that released more energy than was used in the experiment, marking the first time a net energy gain was achieved during the ignition phase.
Previously, spherical particles often deformed under the intense pressure, reducing efficiency. This new breakthrough involved more precise control over the distribution of nuclear fuel, allowing the fusion process to sustain itself longer and produce even more energy.
However, the energy surplus from this experiment is still very small. For controlled nuclear fusion to become a viable energy source, the energy output must be at least 100 times greater than the input. While this is a promising step forward, scientists agree that practical use of controlled fusion remains a distant goal.
**Fact Check: The Origins of Laser-Controlled Fusion Research in the U.S.**
In July 1992, President Bill Clinton announced a moratorium on nuclear testing in the U.S., directing the Department of Energy to explore alternative methods to maintain the safety and reliability of nuclear weapons without underground tests. By 1994, the Department of Energy was required to develop a plan for managing nuclear knowledge and technical materials.
In November 1994, the "National Ignition Facility" (NIF) project was officially launched, endorsed by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Inertial Confinement Fusion Advisory Committee. The NIF uses 192 laser beams, each with a wavelength of 351 nanometers, to compress and heat a small target to extreme temperatures and pressures.
Located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—the birthplace of the Nova laser system—the facility began construction in 1997, with a total budget of $1.074 billion. It is currently the world's largest laser fusion device, representing a major milestone in the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion.
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