Potatoes are often used as feed. The content of the solanine in the tubers of Maling Camp is generally 0.002%-0.0063%, and the content of solanine in the germinated tubers can be as high as 0.5%-0.7%. The solanine content exceeds 0.02%. Can cause animal poisoning. Solanine is actually a small base of alkali, including. - Solanine, P-solanine, y-solanine, M-chaconine, P-ketophylline, 7-carbazone, 6 components, of which: - solanine is the main component. The six structurally similar bovine bases contained in solanine obtained the same saponin-solen (sol3n ratio ne) after acid hydrolysis. The eyelashes of the eggplant are alkaline, and it is the base of the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system, the heart. Kidney, blood, etc. have toxic effects (3) Nitrate I n heart class c) Barium nitrate is high in plants in the growing season (such as animal husbandry and vegetables). Its own village animals are non-toxic. However, under certain conditions, the field was reduced to an nitrous acid that was intended for animals. For example, when the L-leaf leaves are stored, more star nitrite will be produced at the time, and the animals will be greedy, and small poisons will occur.
1. The nitrate and nitrous acid glass salts in the feed contain various nitrates (n heart a health) to varying degrees, and the fresh ['s flower family Yerong feed) 4 () s - content can be Up to 2g/kg in k. The plant absorbs nitrate from the soil during its growth. It is metabolized to ammonia in the body and then synthesized with nitrogen-containing organic matter. The activity of nitrite reductase in plants is much higher than that of nitrate reductase. In this case, the plant has less nitrite and more nitrate.
2. Sources and mutual conversion of feed ten nitrate and sub-salt glass salt (1) Pathway of 6e acid salt conversion to nitrite: The conversion of e-acid salt mainly from feed small nitrite occurs when the animal takes nitric acid (In vitro transformation) can also occur in the body of Ding animals (inside conversion).
In vitro transformation: Ken green feed is 7h when cut by Liu: The tissue is damaged and releases nitrate reductase, especially the microbes that are widely found in the natural world to reduce intestinal intestines (such as large intestine shade, fusiform Fenchi, etc.) ) It is easy to infiltrate and rapidly multiply, and the nitric acid can be reduced to nitrate under suitable conditions. The nitrite is formed in the following cases: the ancient green feed is piled up for a long time, and the green feed is boiled or boiled for a long time. After the treatment, the nitrogen content of the feed is increased.
In vivo transformation: Nitrate in the feed is converted to nitrite by the animal's gastrointestinal microbes (reduced nitric acid). Nitrate, which is taken from a single animal, is often absorbed in the intestines, and nitrite is rarely formed. However, in the case of gastric acid deficiency or gastrointestinal disease u4, intestinal halogen can reduce nitrate to nitrate than nitrate. Anti-automated rumen physicochemical conditions are suitable for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, so in addition to the animal can be developed, more than nitrate poison, but also due to the intake of more nitrate and less poison.
(2) Sources of large amounts of nitrate in plants: The accumulation of nitrate in plants is mainly determined by the bow; two aspects are c--fertility of soil or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of nitrate-containing fluorine for plants should increase; The nitrogen in the form is mostly in the form of nitrate nitrogen. Rainfall after drought causes plants to absorb large amounts of nitrate nitrogen. Second, when the U is insufficient and the plants lack pots and iron sputum elements, the process of metabolic reduction and synthesis of egg rJ in plants is blocked; sudden changes in the atmosphere, drought, application of herbicides, pests, etc. Reduce the activity of plant nitrate reductase. Lead to nitrate accumulation.
3. Toxicity of nitrate and nitrite
(1) Acute poisoning: After nitrite is absorbed into the blood. The nitrite ion interacts with hemoglobin to convert the often-hemoglobin into a horny red albumin. In the normal state of the body, the red blood cells have a series of enzymatic and non-enzymatic methemoglobin reduction systems, so the erythrohemoglobin in the regular red blood cells only accounts for 1% of the total amount of hemoglobin.
When the animal takes a large amount of nitrite called, the red blood cells form a methemoglobin: the speed of the protein exceeds the rate of reduction, and the methemoglobin is abundant in the mountains, causing the blood of the erythroblastic group to be lost by blood therapy (mcth gamma c, 810 binenlN, causing the paw erythropoietin to lose Oxygen-carrying function induces hypoxia in Zhao. In the province, when the animal's methemoglobin is 7% and 40% of the total dentin, 11 symptoms of hypoxia, accounting for 90% of the day, cause animal death.
The degree of nitrite affecting animals depends on the amount of nitrous acid absorbed, which is beneficial to the body of the animal. In livestock, sheep can rapidly reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin. Cows are slower, horses and pigs are slower.
It is small in the kind of things. The ability of adult animals to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin is greater than that of older adults.
(2) Chronic blame: Chronic poisoning of nitrite is characterized by various types, such as decreased feeding, slow weight gain, and mental wilting, and reduced fertility rate in pregnant animals. Childbirth is weak. At the same time, when the nitrate content is high, the carrot can be oxidized. It hinders the formation of noisin A, causing vitamin A deficiency; nitric acid and nitrite uJ compete for iodine in the body to synthesize thyroxine, which has a coagulation glandular swelling; nitrous acid may accumulate in the body for a long time. And liver tumors. Autumn and nitrite nitrate cause chronic damage to acute birds, causing concern. The decline in livestock production performance is a direct economic damage, and the conversion of toxic residues or metabolism to more dangerous nitroso compounds will endanger human health.
(3) Participation in the synthesis of carcinogens - N - nitroso compounds: the relationship between nitrite LJ and swelling and pain has attracted people's attention. Nitrate can form a strong carcinogen N-nitrate compound with a secondary amine or amide under the conditions of walking. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Jointly Stucked FAO (FA()) proposed that the daily intake of nitrate and nitrite (ADl) was 3.7 mg/kg body weight and o. 06 mg/kg body weight (based on NQ- and N()M-). More instrument information: Nitrogen analyzer http://
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