Xi'an decoration classroom decoration tips - the most complete decoration materials, owners must see the first chapter from the purchase of the house began
First, after the house was accepted, many people did not know how to accept it. Some people think that the quality inspection station has been accepted, and the owner's re-acceptance is an extra one. In fact, in many cases, if you do not check and accept, the house will have to be down. You just find the problem before signing it. You will be more convenient to pursue the developer's responsibility.
As a layman, how to check the house?
1. The inspection of the wall does not know when it started. Looking at the wall turned out to be the most important issue for housing acceptance. I have seen a house and found that the windows had water seepage on rainy days. When they asked, they knew that the walls below almost every window in the entire building were seep. When it comes to a typhoon, it is even more alarming. Therefore, it is best to visit the house on the second day of heavy rain before the delivery of the house. If there is a problem with the wall at this time, it is almost insignificant.
In addition to water seepage in the walls, there is another problem that is whether there are cracks. A friend once reported that there was a door-shaped crack in the wall of his home. Later, he asked the developer to know that the elevator had been left at the time of construction and was later used as a port to handle the lifts.
2. The first step in verifying hydropower is to check if the house's hydropower is on. Of course, for some high-end renovations, most of the water pipes and wires will be replaced in the later period. Therefore, sometimes these contents are not critical, but if you do not plan to replace the water pipes and wires, then these things must be carefully accepted.
In addition to checking whether or not electricity is available, the inspection line is mainly to see if the wire meets the national standard and whether the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire meets the requirements. In general, the home electric wire should not be lower than 2.5mm2, air conditioning line should reach 4mm2 otherwise, when using air conditioner, it is easy to overheat and soften.
3. Check waterproof The water proof mentioned here refers to the waterproof of the kitchen and bathroom. Of course, some of the houses that are currently delivered have already declared that they have not done any water repellent treatment. This will require renovations. If waterproofing is already done at the time of delivery, then you need to verify the waterproof quality. If you do not try before the renovation, leaks will be found after your decoration, then the maintenance project will be big. You have to dismantle the newly renovated floor to make a new waterproof layer.
The method of acceptance of waterproofing is: use cement mortar to make a door to the kitchen and bathroom, use a plastic bag to cover the drain or drain, and put it in a solid state. Then put water on the kitchen and bathroom floor. About 2cm high). Make an appointment with the owners downstairs to see if there is any seepage in the ceilings of their home kitchens and bathrooms after 24 hours.
4. The pipelines referred to in the inspection pipeline are drainage or sewage pipelines, especially the sewage outlets at balconies and so on. When accepting, take a water-filled appliance and pour water into the drain to see if the water is flowing smoothly. Why should we accept this? Because during construction, some workers often throw some cement residue into the drain when they are clean. If the cement is more viscous, it will block at the elbow and cause drainage difficulties.
Another situation is to see if there is a water storage deodorant elbow. According to experience, if the sewage pipe does not contain water and deodorant elbow, then the overall quality of the house will be compromised. Why does a sewage pipe need such an elbow? Because the elbow stores water, the odor coming from the lower pipeline will be blocked by the horse under the aquifer. Without the elbow, the outlet of the laundry room and toilet will be emitted. Unbearable odor. There may be developers who think that the use of deodorant floor drains will be sufficient, and engineering practices have proven that deodorant floor drains are far from meeting actual needs. This small place often best reflects the construction quality of builders.
5. Ground leveling is to measure the horizontal error of the ground on the interior and the ground in the doorway that is furthest away from the gate. The ground level test can reflect the construction quality of the developer in many cases. Because as the owner, it is impossible to accept the main structure, then you can only look at the quality of these details.
Here's a simple and easy way to do it. Go to the hardware store to buy a small transparent water pipe, about 20m in length, filled with water. First draw a sign at the entrance 0.5m or 1m from the ground, then adjust the water level of the water pipe to the height of this sign, and find someone to fix it in this position. Move the other end of the hose to the room furthest from the door. Then look at the height of the water pipe at that point and make another sign. Measured with a ruler—What is the height of this marker off the ground? The difference in these two levels is the difference in the level of the house. You can also use this method to analogically measure the level difference in the whole house.
In general, if the difference is about 2cm is normal, 3cm is an acceptable range; beyond this range,
You have to pay attention.
6. If your contract has this clause. Then you should measure the height of the building. The method is very simple, measuring the feet along the inside corners of two of the walls. You should measure multiple places in your home. In general, a floor height of about 2.65m is an acceptable range; if it is lower than 2.6m, it has to be taken into account. Such a home will make you have to live in a depressing environment in the future.
Doing short heights is a very effective way to save costs for developers. 1 Reduce the total weight, so that the cost of the basic part can be saved. 2 Although only about 10cm is subtracted from each floor, overall, there are many cost savings, especially for the development of residential areas. 3 At a certain height, lowering the floor height can create more layers.
7. The inspection window is mainly based on the acceptance window. The key to acceptance is the tightness of the window and balcony doors. The most troublesome aspect of the window's sealing acceptance is that it can only be tested if it's good or bad in heavy rain, but it can usually be confirmed by checking whether the sealant is complete and strong. Balcony doors generally look at the level difference between inside and outside doors. Once I have seen a situation where the level of the balcony is the same as the level of the interior, it is very difficult to avoid the infiltration of rainwater in heavy rainy days.
8. Other projects In fact, in addition to the above projects, other inspections require more professional knowledge. If possible, you may wish to bring a friend who is familiar with the project to check the house. In addition, you can only rely on the quality inspection department.
Chapter II Pre-Renovation and Preparation 1. How to Prepare for Renovation Many people begin to consider the renovation when they sign a purchase contract and have not even bought a house. Indeed, buying a house is, after all, the biggest investment in most people's life. So how do you go about preparing for the renovation?
1. Decide on the date of renovation of the house delivery date, generally one month in advance. Too long to prepare, not only unnecessary, but also allow yourself to suffer more time, because it takes to think; too short, the time is too hasty.
2. How much money does it take to plan and raise funds to renovate a house? This is often the most asked of owners. Because the prices vary from place to place, the grades, projects, and renovations of the renovation are different, so this issue is difficult to generalize. In general, mid-range renovations will account for about one-tenth to one-fifth of housing prices. For example, a house is 100M2, house price is 50 yuan (the old house should be calculated according to the market price of the corresponding new house), then the decoration section is 50,000 to 100,000 yuan is possible.
3. Dealing with the renovation of the decoration of the couple's role, sometimes as a fuse for couples to argue, so have to focus on catching up. For several years, the following types of couples or family combinations have been found in home decoration:
1) Male and female assistants. In the decoration, the male owner usually carries the hostess. The husband and wife have the final say in the decision-making power of some affairs. The most typical of the female hostesses is silent, and some of them are assistive.
2) The woman is male assistant. This type of couple has a variety of situations: The first is the “wife management is strict,†and the man is basically afraid to snoring at the time of housework. At any time, it is: “My wife said...â€; the second is the relatively high level of academic qualifications or knowledge of the woman. The male has relatively little knowledge in this area. At this time, the male majority is a relatively silent party.
3) Man @@@ office. In the decoration, the woman basically did not appear. There are many reasons for this. There may be situations where the woman is pregnant and the like is inconvenient to go out; the male owner suspects that the woman looks too sorry for everyone and does not seem to be willing to let her go out; the woman is too busy or on a business trip.
4) The woman @@@ does. In the decoration, the reason why the man does not appear may be: the man is too busy, and some are even on long-term business trips; the man is in a high status and is not convenient to appear.
5) Titatively opposed. This kind of husband and wife is more than a young man, and usually he will quarrel because of some problems in the decoration. I met two couples, one pair because the hostess persisted in the problem of feng shui, and quarreled with the doctor's male owner. One noisy was for a month and the project could not be carried out; the other pair was the male owner who was too short. The size of some of the home's projects is often based on their own height, and is strongly opposed by the taller female host. Of course, at this time, I support the hostess. The design should be designed at an ordinary height (1.75m). This looks like coordination.
6) The husband sang women. Most of these couples can discuss with each other, mainly in higher education families. Both men and women have considerable knowledge and their views are more rational.
7) People to be married. Most of these are men and women who love to talk about marriage. Most of the situations are similar to those of the sixth category. Most of the male and female parties will discuss the decoration issue in a cordial manner before making a decision.
8) Parents do it. The probability of this type of occurrence is lower. It may be that the landlord has not yet been married. The house is the property that the parents bought for their son or daughter.
9) "single aristocrats" or single-parent families. Only the man or the woman, there is no contradiction between the owners.
In contrast, what type does your family belong to? The author believes that husband and wife should consult each other and respect each other as well, because the living room is the place where both parties live together, but the renovation should be based on one party, otherwise it will not only be difficult for the project to continue, but also Causes a waste of time and money.
4. The choice of renovation time The choice of decoration time, in addition to the above issues need to be considered, there are two main considerations:
1) The problem of idle time. General home improvement is best to choose when they are relatively free, if you have been working very busy during the renovation period, but still insist on decoration, then you better find someone you absolutely trust to decorate; otherwise, you still wait .
2) Weather factors. Many people are rumored that they cannot be renovated in some wet weather. In fact, there is no scientific basis for this argument. The only effect of wet weather on decoration is paint. If it is handled improperly, there will be whitening and mildew, but if handled properly, it will not be a problem.
3) The price factor. It is because people have a common sense of when the most appropriate decoration, when not able to decorate the psychological, resulting in the year round, there is always a quarter is the off-season of decoration. In fact, if you are looking for the decoration company's technology, then you can save a lot of money in the so-called off-season decoration, because not only will the decoration company cut prices in the off-season, but even material dealers will cut prices. This account is definitely not a small number.
2. Introduction to Decoration The decoration mentioned here refers to the "secondary decoration" ("a renovation" refers to the renovation performed by civil works). The decoration consists of three parts: interior design, construction and maintenance. Here, the project construction is mainly based on design.
Renovation, which is generally known as decoration engineering in a formal setting in the industry, is a comprehensive discipline. The installation is derived from the construction industry and is an extension of architectural science. It covers a wide range of areas and is inextricably linked with many disciplines, mainly including:
(1) Building structure: spatial structure, design style, natural lighting, architectural index.
(2) HVAC: indoor artificial lighting, air conditioning system.
(3) Water supply and drainage system: the supply and discharge of domestic water and sewage.
(4) Fire, safety and television systems.
(5) Decoration materials and supplies industry: Provide a variety of materials, finished products and semi-finished products for the decoration industry.
1. Steps of Renovation Steps Renovation works are described in the “Concise Flow Chart for Home Improvement Projects†on the next page.
2. The composition of the decoration practitioners At present, there are mainly five types of personnel engaged in renovation projects:
(1) Graduates of interior design majors. This is the most professional family. The decoration engineering knowledge is more comprehensive.
(2) Graduates of architecture and structure majors. This is a more professional family. In some aspects, interior design professionals may have more advantages.
(3) People in related industries such as fine arts or engineering. These people have a certain amount of expertise.
(4) Apprentices from the construction team. Has a wealth of construction experience, but generally less professional knowledge, lack of creativity, the construction of imitation practices
(5) Other people.
Third, how to choose a qualified designer in China, the professional training of interior design professionals is mainly environmental art design.
No matter which channel you choose to decorate your company, look at advertising, or introduce friends, your first concern is to have a qualified designer at your service. This is why the author wants to select the contents of the interior designer before choosing the contents of the decoration company.
1 The Skills that Qualified Interior Designers Should Have Already introduced the composition of the people who are currently engaged in decoration in China. Here we talk about what qualified interior designers are and what the qualified interior designers should have.
1) Good art expression skills. Including sketching, coloring, sketching, hand-drawn renderings, and model making capabilities.
2) Good computer @@@ ability. Skilled @@@ for AutoCAD, 3Dmax, Photoshop, Lightscape and Autodesk VIZ.
3) Good interior design basis. Including the flat composition, three-dimensional composition, color composition design basis.
4) Good interior design theory. Including Chinese and foreign architectural history, various periods of design style, ergonomics, color psychology, space planning.
5) Good foundation of relevant disciplines. Including the basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, acoustics, and applied disciplines, psychology philosophy (including logic), budget science, public relations, and other marginal disciplines.
6) Good foundation for engineering construction. Including the basic knowledge of carpentry, puddles, water supply and drainage, electricians, paints, and metalworking, as well as a simple project budget basis.
2. If you know whether or not the designer is qualified, I believe that asking a responsible and qualified interior designer to trouble the owner's decoration will greatly ease it. However, how do you know if a designer is qualified?
1) Listen. The professional interior designer, based on his knowledge and opinions on the issue, is absolutely not convinced that this is a mature approach. Moreover, professional designers rarely use prosaic adjectives.
2) Look. Professional interior designers must have basic skills. This basic skill is not the use of computers, but the real hand-painted effort. The sketch paper hand-painted by the designer should be real, words, performance correct and in accordance with the perspective principle.
3) Test. Professional interior designers will naturally have some certificates such as diplomas, of which the most important are environmental art design or architectural design. Of course, the author does not reject self-taught people. After all, the industry sometimes needs understanding and enthusiasm.
3. How to make good use of designers to make good use of designers, but also to make good use of designers, owners often can not make full use of good designers.
(1) Tell your designer what you think, tell him (her) what you need, what you like, and let your designer understand your cultural and professional background, lifestyle, and family composition.
(2) Don't overly limit the designer's ideas. When you tell the designer what you said above, you need patience to let the designer use his expertise to turn your immature ideas into something standard. You do not need to worry about this because you have the power to make changes and decisions for any designer.
(3) Hear the designer's program introduction and fully understand the designer's design ideas. If you can't understand it, you can ask him and tell your own questions. To dare to admit that you are not a professional, everyone has their own knowledge. Communicating with designers is the key to getting a satisfying work.
(4) When you have ideas, if the designer has objections, you should think twice about their opinions. This does not mean that you are obedient to the designer, but rather to your own property.
4. How a designer should serve you as a designer, in accordance with the requirements of the owner, to make a design that suits his satisfaction is the only pursuit.
(1) Listen carefully to the basic situation of the owners and understand their needs, including lifestyle habits, personal hobbies, etc.
(2) The design must be based on the economic affordability of the owner, and the design made out of the project cost control line can only be a good and useless thing.
(3) The design style should be controlled within the acceptable range of the owner. A good design style is based on a combination of various factors. Apart from the above mentioned conditions, the involved contents include the age of the owner and the aesthetic ability.
Fifth, how to negotiate the design plan After you choose a good decoration company, the next step is to negotiate the design program.
1. Communicating with Designers Before any design, communication is critical, and it all comes from the information you provide for the designer. So what are these messages?
1) Your own ideas. Tell designers about their own vague ideas, but this does not require very specific. And you have to stress that what you provide is immature ideas. Relatively speaking, you prefer that designers can provide better ideas, which is conducive to the full use of designers. What needs to be clearly stated is which level you want the house to be renovated into.
2) Tell the designer your career. You don't need to tell the other party where you work for. You only need to tell a wide range of occupations, such as company employees, artists, athletes, entrepreneurs, or teachers. Why should we care about this? Because different industries have their own characteristics of the industry, as the saying goes, "three sentences do not leave the Bank" is this truth. For example, civil servants want the house to be decorated as simple and generous as possible; and when a doctor comes home, he often does not like to see the wall of his home is still white.
3) Family members. The average family will have several people. As a small group, the decoration of the house has to take into account their situation. If there are children at home, safety issues must be considered in some renovation projects. For example, the balcony railings of some buildings are very short or have a large distance between poles. This may cause potential safety hazards.
4) Special members. This mainly refers to pets. Many customers who have pets tend to regard them as members of the family. In the renovation, they also need to take into account their factors, such as creating a small nest for them.
5) Personal hobby. This refers to some common hobbies, such as being sensitive to color, what kind of colors are particularly liked or disliked, etc. There are also people who have special feelings about specific patterns. For example, blue is a good color for a lot of people, but others do not like it.
6) Special hobby. This refers to a number of different interests, such as owners like to collect, may like to show some items. I have a customer collection tool no less than a thousand, the living room is placed a very sharp katana.
7) Lifestyle. This refers to daily life habits such as placing a treadmill at home or being a super worm, hoping that the home is full of network cables. I have a customer's home, there are three computers, there are servers, and almost every room has a network cable.
8) Special furniture. If you have a big piece like a piano, you need to take it into account when you start designing. In addition, the existing furniture should be moved into the future, but also take it into account.
9) Avoiding problems. Everyone in every place may have a habit of avoiding it. For example, in Guangdong, many people are jealous of decorations such as mirrors placed in the doorways, and there are people in some places who are afraid of patterns such as butterflies.
10) Religious beliefs. There may be some owners who have specific religious beliefs or ethnic groups, or Christians, or Hui people, etc.; in some places there is a habit of honoring ancestors. This is out of respect for ancestors; in some places there are some traditions. Customs, such as worshiping Guan Gong, etc.
2. After understanding the design process to obtain the above information, generally familiar designers will have a general idea, and relatively good designers can sketch the sketches immediately. After the initial approval of the owner, the designer can proceed with the next design, which will reduce rework.
In general, home improvement design is divided into the following stages:
1) Plan design. Mainly for the comparison of the program and the exchange of opinions between the parties.
2) Preliminary design. More in-depth design stage, the design project is basically shaped.
3) Construction design. After the owner agrees, it begins to draw construction plans.
4) Completion design. For home improvement, it is mainly to provide an as-built drawing of hidden pipes.
Many home improvement companies often provide
(7) Is natural lighting optimized?
(8) Whether the use of materials meets the actual requirements and whether the collocation is reasonable. A dozen sheets of drawings are given to the owners. In fact, this practice is completely unnecessary. However, in order to embody “seriously workingâ€, many designers often turn the design into a form that reflects the depth of the design through the number of drawings. The general home furnishing owners do not have specialized knowledge or personnel in this area to specifically review the designer's drawings. Therefore, they must be targeted and tailored to your house type and needs. As for the number of drawings, I think it is necessary to be able to explain the problems. The expression must be expressed. The explanation must be explained. There is also a specific implementation problem. Do not make the design useless.
Sixth, how to look at the design drawings mentioned here, including renderings, design plans and construction drawings. When a well-designed work is in front of us, how can we look at it?
1. First of all, look at the design
(1) Is the layout reasonable?
(2) Whether it is ergonomic and whether the communication line is reasonable.
(3) Whether the color is in accordance with the principle of color science.
(4) Whether the use of color meets the principles of color psychology.
(5) Whether the design style is uniform and whether the design styling matches.
(6) Is the artificial lighting setting reasonable?
(9) Whether the individual design has technical feasibility.
(10) Whether the design is in the real budget range.
(11) Whether the design meets the current technical specifications and safety regulations.
(12) Is it reasonable to design individual relationships and scales?
(13) Creation of interest centers.
(14) Application of design elements.
(15) The creativity of design. If it is a manual map, you also need to see whether the performance techniques are mature; if it is a computer map, you also need to see whether the image performance is realistic.
2. The popular way of looking at graphs The average owner himself does not have the ability to analyze in accordance with the above theory, because most of them do not have this knowledge. Is it just looking pretty or not beautiful? The author has the following suggestions:
1) Whether it is pleasing to see the big color of the picture. There is a saying in the line: Harmony is beauty. First of all, we must look at the first feeling. This is in general terms. Whether or not you are an expert, you will have your own views and aesthetics.
2) See the degree of authenticity. Many designers will deliberately adjust some dimensions to meet the needs of their own drawings. For example, a 20M2 house is painted as 40M2, and the height is 2.6m and it is drawn as 3.5m. In the plan, the frame area of ​​the house is often used in different proportions with the furniture, which is especially likely to happen on the developer's drawings. Many owners have actually seen their homes countless times. From here, one can know whether the family is so big, so spectacular, and can not put down so much furniture.
3) See if the design meets its own needs. Generally you will have some of your own needs. For example, if there is a cabinet you need, whether the size of the dining table in the restaurant meets the requirements for use.
4) Whether the design is creative. A good designer always has the finishing touch. In home furnishings, there are not many design projects, so one or two pure decoration projects can reflect the design ideas.
5) Whether there are improvements to the existing environment. Your house will have natural defects like this. Some of them are hopeless, but some of them can be improved. Designers' design skills can best be seen here.
6) Is it realistic? There are some designs that are unconstrained by reality. This is also worth noting. This depends on the actual national conditions, the environment, and the family situation.
To sum up, if you have a certain basic knowledge, the above two types of mapping methods can be referenced, or choose a method that is more in line with their own reality.
VII. How to negotiate the project budget The project budget is a very important part of the renovation project. How do you do a project budget that suits you?
Nowadays, there are often such advertisements as “32,000 yuan for luxury decoration in three bedrooms and two hallsâ€. In fact, this slogan is obviously a hole in the drilling laws, because the relevant departments of the state do not specify the "luxury" standard. However, for the high-end decoration, the national construction department has expressly stated that the average cost per square meter is more than 1,500 yuan. The general area of ​​three bedrooms and two halls is approximately 80m2, so the cost of high-grade decoration will have to be 120,000 yuan. Obviously, 32,000 yuan is out of reality and empty.
How much money is needed for a project's budget? In a relative area, there is another way to say: "Our products use AAA-level plywood." In fact, the country's commonly used grades are such as special grades. Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and AAA grades are mostly used in bank credit ratings. There is no doubt that products distributed within China need to comply with China's product standards. If you really have a AAA board, you should have AA, A, and so on according to corollaries. Then, the board ranked third is still A board!
It can be seen that these acts are fraudulent and unfair competition, and its spread will only continue to harm the interests of the entire industry. A market price, commonly known as the price, it is an average quote.
8. How to sign a decoration contract When signing a decoration contract, the contents and items that can make provisions must be clearly stated. Some people may find a friend to decorate. Due to their feelings, no signing of a decoration contract is the most important legal document in the renovation project. After all the design and project budgets are negotiated, signing a decoration contract is a formal process that must be performed before the renovation starts. At present, the construction committees or construction bureaus of cities with more mature decoration management have established standard contracts. Here's an introduction to the situation.
1 The composition of the decoration contract
1) The main body of the project.
(1) Name of construction site. This is the main body of the contract.
(2) Names of both parties. This is the object of execution of the contract.
2) Engineering project. Including serial numbers, project names, specifications, units of measure, quantities, unit prices, pricing, totals, and preparations used to indicate some special process practices, etc. Most of this part is written in the form of an attachment into the project budget (quotation) table.
3) Project duration. Including the number of days for the duration of the project, extension of the breach of contract and so on.
4) Payment method. The rules for payment methods.
5) Project responsibility. Responsible for various quality and safety responsibilities in the construction process.
6) Both parties sign the seal. Including the signatures and dates of the representatives of both parties; as a company, there should also be a company seal.
In the end, even friends cannot do it. Here are some ways to use common words in some contracts.
1) About the project. For example: living room floor shop 600mm X 600mm domestic Foshan XX brand wear-resistant brick
2. The use of the words commonly used in the contract and the attention to details of the contract, resulting in a lot of endless friction in the future, (samples should be specified). •
(2) "m2" for units such as wood flooring, latex paint, wallpaper, and security nets.
(3) Furniture, door leaf, counter 2) About the unit.
(1) "m (m)" is used for the unit of ceiling corner line, skirting line, waist line, and cover door.
Such as "item", "樘" and other units. It is necessary to indicate the quoting units and quotations for these items, for example: “Calculate 600 square meters per square meter according to the square of the facade.â€
Units should use the domestic common legal measurement units and should not use units such as imperial units. Sub-items that can calculate area should avoid using "items" to express.
3) About quantity. There are two ways:
(1) After the actual measurement, add the amount of loss and calibrate it within the contract. No further calculations will be made in the future.
(2) By unit price, multiplied by the actual amount of work. This is a practice of how much to do.
It is recommended to use method (1) to confirm the number of works before signing the contract, and then indicate in the contract to prevent the fraudulent use of "low budget and high settlement" by some businesses.
4) About remarks. Some processes and practices should be marked. For example: "Wardrobe: Surface with red panel,
Lined with white fire board, the main body is 15mm big core board. ""
5) About breach of contract. Whether it is the owner’s breach of contract or the decoration company’s breach of contract, it can be punished and compensated by economic means. The general liquidated damages are about one-thousandth to three of the total project amount. But it needs to be reminded to pay attention to this thousand-thousand-though wording. Some people deliberately added a metacharacter after the thousandths. This means that the actual fine is one thousandth of one (or a few) dollars, that is, a few cents, and one penny is not enough.
6) About management fees. The so-called administrative expenses include various administrative fees charged by the district administration office. Some management offices do not necessarily charge for certain projects; others have arbitrary charges and they are ridiculous. There are many types of charges, such as management deposits, garbage clearance freight, construction cleaning fees, passage painting fees, and public facilities maintenance fees. Elevator usage fee, worker management fee (/day), pass deposit, pass fee, temporary account registration fee, etc. The overcharged management office is the biggest headache for the decoration company, so more and more decoration companies require these costs to be paid by the owners and no longer counted into the project budget.
7) About taxes. In most cities, taxes are collected from the decoration company’s operating income. In the past two years, Shenzhen has started to collect a special decoration tax, which is collected through the building or community management office, rather than through the company's tax return. In these cases, it is necessary to identify the bearers.
8) About the signature. Due to the chaos on the current decoration market @@@, some of the so-called decoration companies are actually affiliated with or fake the name of a decoration company. Therefore, the author suggests that when the owner signs any legal documents, unless the other party is the legal representative of the formal decoration company. , otherwise it is better to ask the other party to indicate the signer’s ID number.
Nine, common ten kinds of home design Feng traps derived from the architectural style of a variety of interior design style common ten kinds of home design Feng trapped derived from the architectural style of a variety of interior design style, according to the designer and owner of the aesthetic and hobbies, but also different A variety of different illusions. Here, we introduce to you the 10 common interior design styles.
1. Classical style (luxury rich)
In the era of renovation just now, most of the renovations are pursuing a more luxurious and rich style. Especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, interior decoration was often a special form of showing off their identity. The owners will ask to embed a variety of luxurious design into the decoration, such as stained glass ceilings, fireplaces, decorative panels, decorative wooden corners, etc., and basically in a similar manner to the Baroque style of domestic materials as the main decoration .
2. Simple style (anything you like)
In the 1990s, there was a home improvement in some areas. Due to the limitations of technology and materials, there was no real designer for home improvement instruction at that time. Therefore, what she likes is the greatest portrayal at the time. The owners began to assume a neat and bright interior effect. Today, this style is still preferred by most first-time home buyers.
3. Exquisite style (nobility)
After nearly 10 years of exploration, with the improvement of the living standards of domestic residents and the increase in opening to the outside world, people began to yearn for and pursue high-quality life. Starting from about the middle of the 1990s, people began to use exquisite decorative materials and furniture in their decoration. Especially at this time, domestic designers stepped into the design of home decoration, which brought a new concept of decoration.
4. Natural style (Art Leisure)
The upsurge of decoration that began in the 1990s brought many decorative ideas to people. There are a large number of decorative magazines in Taiwan and Hong Kong that have opened the eyes of people. Decoration techniques such as small gardens, cultural stone decorative walls, and yuhua stone, which were previously unimaginable, have appeared in realistic designs. In particular, after everyone used to seeing the decoration of the country with a yellow decoration caused by the heavy use of Hung Hom, getting close to nature and returning to nature has become one of the goals pursued by the people.
5. Light style (bold and generous)
Since the mid-1990s, the home design philosophy has been greatly liberated. People have begun to pursue a variety of design methods, including modernism, post-modernism, and other series of more complete training systems living room design. When the Chinese people talk about decoration, these "isms" frequently appear. This style basically uses cherry wood as the main woodwork buckle surface.
6. Soft style (smooth and independent)
At the end of the last century, at the beginning of this century, the design of imitation clubs, which pursued a smooth and luxurious style, began to appear in the model houses and office buildings of various types of real estate discs, and then appeared in a large number of ordinary home furnishings. This kind of style emphasizes more - a more simple but R content without losing the content of the form of decoration, and gradually formed a style of black walnut as the main carpentry decorative panel. In China, minimalism and minimalism began to surface.
7. Elegant style (quiet and gentle)
This is a design style that appeared in the beginning of this century at the beginning of this century. It is basically based on wallpapers.
Carpenter who wants to decorate the surface material and mix the oil to make 0 method. This style is strong I scale and color I harmony. People started]
The upper part of a wall will be the same color as the ceiling, while the wall uses a wallpaper with a faint texture. The whole style is very elegant and quiet, without a hint of impetuosity.
8. Urban style (independent personality)
Into the 21st century, the implementation of housing reform, the emergence of many young first-time home buyers, for the generation of this style to inject power. Young people have just bought a house and many are shy. At this time, real estate is basically based on rough houses (a style without basic decoration). These young people were forced to undergo a renovation of the decoration. Constrained by financial resources, people began to emphasize the perception of “decoration†through various forms. The use of bright colors in a large amount is a typical example. People use a wide variety of colors in their homes, and sometimes even use three or more colors in the same space.
9. Fresh style (light and casual)
This is a kind of interior style with "petty petty" flavor derived from the influence of minimalism. Especially with the emergence of many single nobles, this kind of petty bourgeoisie appears in a large number of apartment renovations. Because many times, their occupants do not have members such as the elderly and children, so do not have to consider many functional issues in the renovation. They often emphasize an arbitrary peace. The flimsy white yarn market is accompanied by a soft fabric sofa, and piles of pillows of various colors form an indoor space full of lazy atmosphere.
10. Chinese style With the emergence of many modernismism, there has been a domestic retro-style, which is the renaissance of Chinese style decoration. Chinese paintings, paintings, and Ming and Qing furniture constitute the most important elements of Chinese design. However, these re-use furniture prices are expensive and become a big obstacle for fans.
Ten, choose hardcover type or simple type of home decoration now has a fashionable name: simple type. In some people's eyes, things that are inherently decorative, such as plaster lines, have become obsolete. In fact, there is a very serious basic common sense problem here.
(1) Obsolete can only be functional. For example, functional items such as wall skirts and hanging lines are outdated. The reason why these things were originally used is because there are functional requirements. With the advancement of science and technology, the original dirt-proof function of the skirt has been replaced by washable latex paint, so it is unavoidable that the wall skirt is abandoned.
(2) The decorative line of things, which belongs to a style of 'can be accomplished. It's not going to be out of date, because it's part of the style. For example, plaster such as Rococo, Baroque style, no plaster line or wooden shade is å½³; (3) Some functional items can not be abandoned for the time being, because there is no more advanced thing to replace its function, for example, Baseboard. When the wood floor is installed, there must be a distance of lcm from the wall. So what does this empty lcm cover? The only way is to use a skirting board. Obviously, people who say that the baseboard is out of date do not understand construction.
Eleven, then, decoration is the choice of exquisite decoration or simple decoration?
1. Exquisite decoration decoration is generally suitable for some people over the age of 30. In general, the character of a 30-year-old has basically been determined, and basically what has been his own preference has also been formed. In the decoration, the hardcover type is generally more appropriate.
Even if these people do not meet all the needs at the moment, they will also do the decoration first. Why? After the basic decoration is done, furniture and other things can be increased. For example, after the basic items such as ceilings, walls, and floors are beautiful, furniture can be purchased slowly. Buy a sofa this month and buy a beautiful cabinet next month. But you will not be able to add a decorative wall next month and add another door next month. Of course, if people are 40 years old, the general economic ability is strong, then basically a lot of things can be done in one step.
2. Simple decoration The simple decoration mainly comes from the United States. Simple walls, simple grounds, and beautiful furniture add up to the renovation. The characteristic of the simple decoration is to transfer the money originally spent on the basic decoration to the private buyers. Its advantage is that the amount of basic investment is relatively small, but the investment in furniture is doubled.
The reason why the simple type is popular in the United States is mainly because the United States is an immigrant country. Families rarely invest in immovable property. Today, they do not like to move here. They can only move away from furniture and it is impossible to remove the walls. But this model is not suitable for Chinese people, just as the open kitchen is not applicable in China.
So, the only practical prerequisite for you to choose a minimalist decoration is: You really don't have the money. But it is by no means a simple decoration, but a "simple decoration." The simple type is not saving money, but it also costs money.
Many people are now pursuing fashion. What is fashion? The main word for fashion is the word “Shiâ€, which is often popular only for a period of time. Nowadays, many people like to buy fashion furniture. Fashion furniture is still in the year of purchase. After one or two years, it is basically outdated. And you can't just change the sofa or the same one, because fashion things are often matched.
The author believes that if you have a lot of money, and you are young or have inherited your father's business, you can choose a simple scenery. If you are rich, but you already have a certain age, use a steady focus style even if you can afford it. Of course, if you do not have a few dollars, you should still use a simple decoration.
Twelve, how to use visual illusion in design
1. What is called visual illusion is mistaken judgment and perception based on empiricism or improper reference when people observe objects. In our daily lives, there are many examples of visual illusions encountered. For example, the French flag is red: White: The ratio of blue to blue is 35:33:37, and we feel that the three colors are equal in area. This is because white gives people a feeling of expansion, while blue has a feeling of contraction, which is optical illusion.
2. Some optical illusions can be corrected by using visual illusions, but some visual illusions are inevitable. In interior design, what we want to use is the inevitable part.
1) High in the dwarf. It is in the living room that some of them do chandeliers and the other part does not. Then the part without chandeliers will appear "high."
2) See the truth in the virtual reality. Through the bar or the entire mirror glass, a virtual space can be created in a real space, and the virtual space is visually a real space.
3) cool down. For example, when the kitchen is used in dark areas, we stay inside and feel that the temperature drops by 2-3 degrees.
4) See fine in the rough. In materials such as solid wood floors or vitrified tiles, materials with a higher finish will appear higher on the edge of the material.
Place some rough material, such as retro bricks and pebbles, then the smooth material will appear more smooth, which is the visual illusion of contrast.
5) See straight in the song. The ceiling of some buildings is often not flat, and when the bending is not very large, the visual overall flatness can be caused by processing the right angles near the four sides.
In interior design, we may use visual illusions to produce special or better results, or it may be to improve certain deficiencies. However, attention must be paid to the fact that it cannot be abused. Excessive use of visual illusions can cause visual hallucinations.例如我们在居室ä¸å¤§é‡åœ°ä½¿ç”¨é•œå，这é¢å¢™æœ‰é•œå，那é¢å¢™ä¹Ÿæœ‰é•œå，镜ååˆåˆ†å¤§å¤§å°å°å„ç§å½¢çŠ¶çš„拼å—ï¼Œè¿™æ ·è¿‡åˆ†çš„è§†é”™è§‰ï¼Œå°±ä¼šæ‰æ›²äººçš„æ£ç¡®åˆ¤æ–人的眼ç›å°±ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°æŒç»ä¸å¥åº·çš„视错觉，长期呆在这ç§è¿‡åˆ†çš„视幻觉环境会引起å¥åº·é—®é¢˜ã€‚这是值得注æ„çš„ã€‚æˆ‘ä»¬åœ¨åˆ¶é€ è™šæ‹Ÿç©ºé—´çš„é•œåå‰é¢ï¼Œåšä¸€ä¸ªç«–å‘或横å‘çš„æœ¨æ ¼åŠ ä»¥åˆ†éš”ï¼Œå°±å¯ä»¥å¤§å¤§å‡è½»å¯¹è§†è§‰çš„æ‰æ›²ã€‚
å三ã€å大定律的内容
1.å大定律的内容第一æ¡ï¼šç©ºé—´é…色ä¸å¾—超过三ç§(å…¶ä¸ç™½è‰²ã€é»‘色ä¸ç®—色)
第二æ¡ï¼šé‡‘色ã€é“¶è‰²å¯ä»¥ä¸Žä»»ä½•é¢œè‰²ç›¸é…衬(金色ä¸åŒ…括黄色，括ç°ç™½è‰²)。
第三æ¡ï¼šåœ¨æ²¡æœ‰è®¾è®¡å¸ˆæŒ‡å¯¼çš„情况下，家居最佳é…色ç°åº¦æ˜¯å®¶ç§æ·±ã€‚
第四æ¡ï¼šåŽ¨æˆ¿ä¸è¦ä½¿ç”¨æš–色调(黄色色系除外)。
Article 5: Do not kill dark green tiles.
第å…æ¡ï¼šåšå†³ä¸è¦æŠŠä¸åŒæ质但色系相åŒçš„æ料放在一起，一åŠçš„机会犯错。
第七æ¡ï¼šæƒ³åˆ¶é€ 明快现代的家居å“味，那么您就ä¸è¦é€‰ç”¨é‚£äº›å°æœ‰å¤§èŠ±èŠ±çš„东西(æ¤ç‰©é™¤å¤–)，尽é‡ä½¿ç”¨ç´ 色的设计。
第八æ¡ï¼šå¤©èŠ±æ¿çš„颜色必须浅于墙é¢æˆ–与墙é¢åŒè‰²ã€‚当墙é¢çš„颜色为深时，天花æ¿å¿…须采用浅色。 The color of the ceiling can only be white or the same color as the wall.
第ä¹æ¡ï¼šç©ºé—´éžå°é—贯穿的，必须使用åŒä¸€é…色方案；ä¸åŒçš„å°é—空间，以使用ä¸åŒçš„é…色方案。
第åæ¡ï¼šè¦å‘Šâ€”—本定律如果用于家居以外，90ï¼…å¯èƒ½é”™è¯¯ã€‚
2.说明在一般的室内设计ä¸ï¼Œéƒ½ä¼šå°†é¢œè‰²é™åˆ¶åœ¨ä¸‰ç§ä¹‹å†…。 Of course, this is not absolute. Because professional interior designers are familiar with deeper color relationships, there may be more than three colors used, but generally only one or two colors are exceeded.
Limit the definition of three colors:
(1) 三ç§é¢œè‰²æ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨åŒä¸€ä¸ªç›¸å¯¹å°é—空间内，包括天花ã€å¢™é¢ã€åœ°é¢å’Œå®¶ç§çš„颜色。客厅和主人房å¯ä»¥æœ‰å„æˆç³»ç»Ÿçš„çš„ä¸åŒé…色，但如果客厅和é¤åŽ…是连在一起的，则视为åŒä¸€ç©ºé—´ã€‚
(2) 白色ã€é»‘色ã€ç°è‰²ã€é‡‘色ã€é“¶è‰²ä¸è®¡ç®—在三ç§é¢œè‰²çš„é™åˆ¶ä¹‹å†…。 However, gold and silver generally cannot exist at the same time, and only one of them can be used in the same space.
(3) 图案类以其呈现色为准。 For example, a piece of cloth has a variety of colors. Because there are many kinds of colors, professionally, the main presentation color prevails. The approach is to see its main shades with a squint eye. However, if a large pattern has a large number of individual patches, it should also be regarded as a color.
3.è¯æ±‡è§£é‡Š
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2) ç´ è‰²ã€‚å°±æ˜¯çº¯å•è‰²ã€‚
3) 色系。指接近的åŒè‰²ã€‚
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1.å³å°†è¢«æ·˜æ±°æˆ–ä¸æµè¡Œçš„装修ææ–™
1) æŠ›å…‰ç –ã€‚æŠ›å…‰ç –ç”±äºŽæœ‰ä»¤äººçƒ¦æ¼çš„防污差问题，æˆä¸ºä¸šç•Œçš„一å—å¿ƒç—…ã€‚å¦‚è¿‘æœŸå†…çŽ»åŒ–ç –ä»·æ ¼æœ‰æ‰€ä¸‹è°ƒçš„è¯ï¼Œä¼šå…¨é¢å–æ›¿æŠ›å…‰ç –
2) é“塑管。é“塑管是替代镀锌é“管的新产å“，但在作为çƒæ°´ç®¡ä½¿æœˆæ—¶å˜åœ¨è®¾è®¡ç»“æž„æ–¹é¢çš„ä¸è¶³ï¼Œç›¸ä¿¡ä¸ä¹…会被PP管(PP-R，PP-B管ç‰)所替代。
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2.å³å°†è¢«æ·˜æ±°æˆ–ä¸æµè¡Œçš„装修项目和设计
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2） 书柜门。我们看è€å¼ç”µå½±æˆ–者现在的一些办公室大ç椅åŽé¢éƒ½ä¼šæ”¾æœ‰è£…ï¼šæœ‰é—¨çš„ä¹¦æŸœã€‚å¯¹äºŽå®¶å±…è€Œè¨€ï¼Œä¹¦æŸœåŠ é—¨çš„åšæ³•å°±æ˜¾å¾—è€æ°”了。
3) 模压门。对于追求时尚的很多人们而言，模压门往往并ä¸èƒ½æ»¡è¶³äººä»¬çš„审美需è¦ï¼Œè™½ç„¶å®ƒåœ¨å·¥ä¸šåŒ–生产方é¢å…·æœ‰ä»·æ ¼æ–¹é¢çš„优势。
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2) 天然文化石。现在æ¯å¹³æ–¹ç±³100元左å³å°±å¯ä»¥ä¹°åˆ°å¤©ç„¶æ–‡åŒ–石，åªè¦ç¨å¾®åŠ 工一下，åŒæ ·å¯ä»¥åšåˆ°äººé€ 石的装饰效果，而且更具有天然的纹ç†ã€‚
3) ä¸é”ˆé’¢é˜²ç›—é—¨åŒé¢åŠ 玻璃。ä¸ç®¡æ˜¯æµè¡Œè¿˜æ˜¯å®žç”¨ï¼Œè£…—了åŒé¢çŽ»ç’ƒçš„ä¸é”ˆé’¢é˜²ç›—门更容易清æ´ã€æ›´æœ‰å…‰æ´åº¦å¹¶å¤šäº†é˜²çƒŸå’Œéš”音的功能。
4) 布艺沙å‘。一ç§å¯ä»¥éšç€å››å£çš„å˜åŒ–或心情的喜怒哀ä¹è€Œéšæ—¶æ”¹å˜å¤–观色泽和图案的沙å‘，使时尚生活多了一份选择。
5) 多排污å£é©¬æ¡¶æˆ–马桶移ä½å™¨ã€‚ä¸çŸ¥é“是建ç‘å¸ˆçš„ä¹ æƒ¯è¿˜æ˜¯è®¤è¯†é—®é¢˜ï¼Œæ‚¨ä¼šå‘现现在很多房å的马桶排污å£ç¦»å¢™é—´è·éƒ½å¤ªå°ï¼Œåœ¨å¸‚é¢å¾€å¾€å¾ˆéš¾ä¹°åˆ°åˆé€‚的马桶。现在有一ç§è¿›å£çš„å“牌马桶，在马桶底部有三个管å”，å¯ä»¥ä»»æ„拆除其ä¸çš„ä¸€ä¸ªä½œä¸ºå®‰è£…ä¹‹ç”¨ï¼Œè¿™æ ·å°±å¯ä»¥é€‚应ä¸åŒçš„离墙间è·ã€‚作为补救之用的，还有马桶移ä½å™¨ï¼Œå¤§çº¦å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¦»å¢™27cmçš„é—´è·å¢žå¤š5cmå·¦å³(当然，太大的移ä½æœ‰å¯èƒ½é€ æˆå µå¡ž)。
6) 洗手间贴大ç†çŸ³ã€‚与æŸäº›äººé¼“å¹çš„天然石è¾å°„的问题唱å调的是，一些室内设计师开始在洗手问里使用大ç†çŸ³è´´äºŽå¢™é¢ï¼Œè¿™äº›çŸ³å¾€å¾€æ˜¯é’æ¿çŸ³æˆ–者例如“湖å—白â€ç‰çš„ä¸€äº›å›½äº§ä½Žä»·çŸ³æ–™ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬è§„æ ¼éƒ½å¤§äºŽ400mmæˆ–ä»¥ä¸Šï¼Œè§†è§‰ä¸Šå’Œæˆ‘ä»¬é€šå¸¸çœ‹åˆ°çš„ä¸€äº›ç“·ç –å¢™é¢ä¸åŒã€‚
7） 地毯。也许您现在很少看到有人会在家装ä¸ä½¿ç”¨æ»¡é“ºåœ°æ¯¯ï¼Œä½†åœ°æ¯¯å·²ç»æˆä¸ºäººä»¬é€‰æ‹©çš„地é¢æ料之一。其ä¸ä¸»è¦çš„å“ç§æœ‰é«˜æ¡£çš„ä¸è´¨åœ°æ¯¯ã€ä¸æ¡£çš„羊毛地毯和低档的尼龙地毯。
自è´æ料的误区有一些业主宣扬自己如何自è´æ料，åˆå¦‚何划算。其实，这里é¢ä¸»è¦è¿˜æ˜¯ä¸ªä¿¡èª‰é—®é¢˜ã€‚其实æ®ä¸å®Œå…¨ç»Ÿè®¡ï¼Œä¸šä¸»è‡ªå·±åŽ»è´ä¹°æ料，大约è¦å¤šèŠ±1ï¼3～1ï¼2 的钱。那么冤枉钱究竟花在哪儿呢?
1.买了高价货对于商家而言，业主的è´ä¹°é‡å’Œæ¬¡æ•°æœ‰é™ï¼Œä»·æ ¼æ ¹æœ¬ä¸å¯èƒ½æœ‰ä¼˜æƒ 。那么业主如何解决这个问题呢?有点帮助的åšæ³•æ˜¯ï¼šå°½é‡ç©¿å¾—ä¸è¦å¤ªæ–¯æ–‡ï¼›å¤šé€›å‡ 家商店，有问题也ä¸è¦é—®ï¼›å¦‚果在逛商店的过程ä¸æ‚¨è¿˜æœ‰è§£å†³ä¸äº†çš„问题，就继ç»é€›ã€‚ :
2.买了劣质货：
除éžè´ä¹°çš„东西属您的专业范围，例如您是åšè®¡ç®—机的，去买开关æ’座，å¦åˆ™æ‚¨æœ‰å¾ˆå¤§çš„机会é‡åˆ°å‡è´§æˆ–劣质货。现在的劣质货å¯åˆ†ä¸ºå¾ˆå¤šç§ï¼šä¸€ç§æ˜¯æœ¬èº«å°±æ˜¯åŠ£è´¨æ料，如将å«é“é‡ä½Žçš„é“åˆé‡‘当æˆå«é“é‡æ£å¸¸çš„é“åˆé‡‘æ¥å–；一ç§æ˜¯ä»£æ›¿æ料，如买ä¸é”ˆé’¢æŠŠæ‰‹æ—¶ï¼Œå”®è´§å‘˜ç»™æ‚¨ABS(工程塑料)的，该把手表层混å«æœ‰é‡‘属，外行å¬èµ·æ¥è¿˜çœŸåƒæ˜¯é’¢çš„'
3.冤枉货高价货是指åŒä¸€æ ·è´§å“æ‚¨ç”¨è¾ƒé«˜çš„ä»·æ ¼åŽ»ä¹°ï¼Œè€Œå†¤æž‰è´§æ˜¯æœ¬æ¥å¯ä»¥ä¹°ä¾¿å®œçš„ï¼Œæ‚¨ä¹°äº†é«˜ä»·æ ¼çš„å¦ä¸€ç§è´§ã€‚例如在åšä¸€äº›ä¸å…·æœ‰æ‰¿é‡è¦æ±‚的柜å时，有些地方å¯ç”¨å¤§èŠ¯æ¿çš„。当然å¯ä»¥ä¸ç”¨ä¹°ä»·æ ¼é«˜çš„细芯æ¿ã€‚
ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« è£…ä¿®åŸºç¡€äº†è§£å¸¸ç”¨å·¥ç¨‹ææ–™ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« è£…ä¿®åŸºç¡€ä¸€ã€äº†è§£å¸¸ç”¨å·¥ç¨‹æ料（一） 给排水管é“对于家åºè£…ä¿®æ¥è¯´ï¼Œç»™æŽ’水管é“主è¦æ˜¯æŒ‡ç»™æ°´ç®¡é“部分。现在市é¢ä¸Šçš„管é“æ质五花八门，用户往往摸ä¸åˆ°å¤´ç»ªã€‚那么究竟有哪些ç§ç±»ï¼Œåˆæœ‰å“ªäº›é€‚åˆä½¿ç”¨å‘¢?
1) 镀锌é“管。镀锌é“管是目å‰ä½¿ç”¨é‡æœ€å¤§çš„一ç§æ料。由于镀锌é“ç®¡çš„é”ˆèš€é€ æˆæ°´ä¸é‡é‡‘属å«é‡è¿‡é«˜ï¼Œå½±å“人体å¥åº·ï¼Œè®¸å¤šå‘达国家和地区的[url部门已开始明令ç¦æ¢ä½¿ç”¨é•€é”Œé“管。 At present, China is gradually phasing out this type of pipeline.
2) 铜管。铜管是一ç§æ¯”è¾ƒä¼ ç»Ÿä½†ä»·æ ¼è¾ƒè´µçš„ç®¡é“æ质，è€ç”¨è€Œä¸”施工较为方便。在很多进å£å«æµ´äº§å“ä¸ï¼Œé“œç®¡éƒ½æ˜¯é¦–选。 Price is the most important factor affecting its use. In addition, copper corrosion is also a factor on the one hand.
3) ä¸é”ˆé’¢ç®¡ã€‚ä¸é”ˆé’¢ç®¡æ˜¯ä¸€ç§è¾ƒä¸ºè€ç”¨çš„管é“ææ–™ã€‚ä½†å…¶ä»·æ ¼è¾ƒé«˜ï¼Œä¸”æ–½å·¥å·¥è‰ºè¦æ±‚比较高，尤其其æè´¨å¼ºåº¦è¾ƒç¡¬ï¼ŒçŽ°åœºåŠ å·¥éžå¸¸å›°éš¾ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è£…修工程ä¸ç”¨å¾—较少。
4） é“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡ã€‚é“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡æ˜¯ç›®å‰å¸‚é¢ä¸Šè¾ƒä¸ºåƒé¦™çš„一ç§ç®¡æ，由于其质轻ã€è€ç”¨è€Œä¸”施工方便，其å¯å¼¯æ›²æ€§æ›´é€‚åˆåœ¨å®¶è£…ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚其主è¦ç¼ºç‚¹æ˜¯åœ¨ç”¨åšçƒæ°´ç®¡æ—¶ï¼Œé•¿æœŸçš„çƒèƒ€å†·ç¼©ä¼šé€ æˆç®¡å£é”™ä½ä»¥è‡´æ¸—æ¼ã€‚
5) ä¸é”ˆé’¢å¤åˆç®¡ã€‚ä¸é”ˆé’¢å¤åˆç®¡ä¸Žé“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡åœ¨ç»“构上差ä¸å¤šï¼Œåœ¨ä¸€å®šç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šï¼Œæ€§èƒ½ä¹Ÿæ¯”较接近。åŒæ ·ï¼Œç”±äºŽé’¢çš„强度问题，施工ä»è¾ƒå›°éš¾ã€‚
6) PVC管。 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic pipe is a modern synthetic material pipe.但近年æ¥ç§‘技界å‘现，能使PVCå˜å¾—更为柔软的化å¦æ·»åŠ 剂酞，对人体内肾ã€è‚ã€ç¾ä¸¸å½±å“甚大，会导致癌症ã€è‚¾æŸåï¼Œå¹¶ç ´å人体å†é€ 系统，影å“å‘育。一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œç”±äºŽå…¶å¼ºåº¦è¿œè¿œä¸èƒ½é€‚应水管的承压è¦æ±‚ï¼Œå› æ¤æžå°‘使用于自æ¥æ°´ç®¡ã€‚ In most cases, PVC pipes are suitable for wire and sewage pipes.
7） PP管。PP管分多ç§ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«ä¸ºï¼š
（1） PP-B（嵌段共èšèšä¸™çƒ¯ï¼‰ã€‚由于在施工ä¸é‡‡ç”¨èžæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯ã€‚å› æ¤ä¹Ÿä¿—称çƒèžç®¡ã€‚å…¶æ— æ¯’ã€è´¨è½»ã€è€åŽ‹ã€è€è…蚀，æ£åœ¨æˆä¸ºä¸€ç§æŽ¨å¹¿çš„æ料，但目å‰è£…修工程ä¸é€‰ç”¨çš„还比较少。选用的还比较少。一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œè¿™ç§æè´¨ä¸ä½†é€‚用于冷水管é“，也适用于çƒæ°´ç®¡é“，甚至纯净饮用水管é“。
(2) PP-C(改共èšèšä¸™çƒ¯)管。性能基本åŒÂ±ã€‚
(3) PP-R(æ— è§„å…±èšèšä¸™çƒ¯)管。性能基本åŒä¸Šã€‚
PP-Cã€PP-B与PP-R的的物ç†ç‰¹æ€§åŸºæœ¬ç›¸ä¼¼ï¼Œåº”用范围基本相åŒï¼Œå·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¯æ›¿æ¢ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚主è¦å·®åˆ«ä¸ºï¼šPP-Cã€PP-Bææ–™è€ä½Žæ¸©è„†æ€§ä¼˜äºŽPP- Rï¼›PP-Rææ–™è€é«˜æ¸©æ€§å¥½äºŽPP-Cã€PP-B。在实际应用ä¸ï¼Œå½“液体介质温度≤5℃时，优先选用PP-Cã€PP-B管；当液体介质温度≥65℃时，优先选用PP-R管；当液体介质温度在5~65℃时，PP-Cã€PP-B与PP-R的使用性能基本一致。
(二) 泥水工程基础æ料水泥ã€æ²™åœ¨è£…修工程ä¸å±žäºŽè¾…料，是ä¸å¯ç¼ºå°‘的工程基础æ料。
1.æ°´æ³¥æ ¹æ®é¢œè‰²ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥å¯åˆ†ä¸ºé»‘色水泥ã€ç™½è‰²æ°´æ³¥å’Œå½©è‰²æ°´æ³¥ã€‚é»‘è‰²æ°´æ³¥å¤šç”¨äºŽç Œå¢™ã€å¢™é¢æ‰¹çƒ«ã€ç²˜è´´ç“·ç –ï¼›ç™½è‰²æ°´æ³¥å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ç”¨äºŽå¡«è¡¥ç –ç¼ç‰ä¿®é¥°æ€§çš„用途；彩色水泥多用于水é¢å…·æœ‰è£…é¥°æ€§çš„è£…ä¿®é¡¹ç›®å’Œä¸€äº›äººé€ åœ°é¢ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚水磨石。
æ ¹æ®æˆåˆ†ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥å¯åˆ†ä¸ºç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€æ™®é€šç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€çŸ¿æ¸£æ°´æ³¥ã€ç«å±±ç°æ°´æ³¥å’Œç²‰ç…¤ç°æ°´æ³¥ç‰å¤šç§ã€‚我们常用的水泥是普通硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥åŠç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ï¼Œæœ€å¸¸ä½¿ç”¨çš„是普通硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ï¼Œæ™®é€šè¢‹è£…çš„é‡é‡ä¸º50kg。
æ ¹æ®é»åŠ›ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥åˆ†ä¸ºä¸åŒçš„æ ‡å·ã€‚国家于2001å¹´4æœˆå¯¹æ°´æ³¥æ ‡å·åˆ¶å®šäº†æ–°çš„æ ‡å‡†ã€‚é€šç”¨æ°´æ³¥æ–°æ ‡å‡†æ˜¯ï¼šGBl75—1999《硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€æ™®é€šç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€GBl344-1999《矿渣硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€ç«å±±ç°ç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥åŠç²‰ç…¤ç°ç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€GBl2958-1999《å¤åˆç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€‚å…å¤§æ°´æ³¥æ ‡å‡†å®žè¡Œä»¥MPa表示的强度ç‰çº§ï¼Œå¦‚32．5ã€32．5Rã€42．5ã€42．5Rç‰ï¼Œä½¿å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§çš„数值与水泥28å¤©æŠ—åŽ‹å¼ºåº¦æŒ‡æ ‡çš„å¦‚32•5ã€32．５Ｒã€ï¼”２．５ã€ï¼”２．５Ｒç‰ï¼Œä½¿å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§çš„æ•°å€¼ä¸Žæ°´æ³¥ï¼’ï¼˜å¤©æŠ—åŽ‹å¼ºåº¦æŒ‡æ ‡çš„æœ€ä½Žå€¼ç›¸åŒã€‚æ–°æ ‡å‡†è¿˜ç»Ÿä¸€è§„åˆ’äº†æˆ‘å›½æ°´æ³¥çš„å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§ï¼Œç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥åˆ†ï¼“个强度ç‰çº§6个类型，å³42．5ã€42．5Rã€52．5ã€52．5Rã€62．5ã€62．5R。其他五大水泥也分３ç‰çº§6个类型，å³32．5ã€32．5Rã€42．5〠42．5Rã€52．5ã€52．5R。
2.沙沙是水泥沙浆里的必需æ料。 If there is no sand in the cement mortar, the solidification strength will be almost zero.
ä»Žè§„æ ¼ä¸Šï¼Œæ²™å¯åˆ†ä¸ºç»†æ²™ã€ä¸æ²™å’Œç²—沙。沙å粒径0．25～0．35mm的为细沙，粉径0．35～0．5mm的为ä¸æ²™ï¼Œå¤§äºŽ0．5mm的称为粗沙。 Sand is recommended for general home improvement.
从æ¥æºä¸Šï¼Œæ²™å¯åˆ†ä¸ºæµ·æ²™ã€æ²³æ²™å’Œå±±æ²™ã€‚ In the architectural decoration, the state strictly prohibits the use of sand. Although the sea sand is clean, the high salt content will have a great impact on the quality of the project. To distinguish whether it is sea sand or not, it is mainly to see if the sea contains tiny shells. Because of the rough surface of the sand, the cement has a good effect, but the components of the mountain sand are complex, and most of them contain mud and other organic impurities. Therefore, in the general decoration process, river sand is recommended. The surface roughness of river sand is moderate, and it is relatively clean and contains less impurities. The sand that is generally purchased from the market can only be used after being sieved.
3.æ·»åŠ å‰‚ä½¿ç”¨æ°´æ³¥æ²™æµ†æ·»åŠ å‰‚çš„ç›®çš„æ˜¯åŠ å¼ºå…¶ç²˜åŠ›å’Œå¼¹æ€§ï¼Œä¸»è¦çš„å“ç§æœ‰ï¼š
1) 107胶(èšä¹™çƒ¯é†‡ç¼©ç”²é†›)。由于107胶å«æ¯’，污染环境，目å‰å›½å†…一些市已ç»å¼€å§‹ç¦æ¢ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
2) 白乳胶(èšé†‹é…¸ä¹™çƒ¯ä¹³æ¶²)。，性能è¦æ¯”107èƒ¶å¥½ï¼Œä½†ä»·æ ¼ä¹Ÿç›¸å¯¹è¾ƒé«˜ã€‚
4.æ°´æ³¥ã€æ²™æµ†çš„è°ƒé…一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œå®¶è£…ä¸çš„æ°´æ³¥ã€æ²™æµ†æ¯”例约为1：3(水泥：沙)，水的用é‡åº”以现场视感为主，ä¸å®œå¤ªå¹²ï¼Œäº¦ä¸èƒ½å¤ªç¨€ã€‚å…¶ä¸æ·»åŠ 剂的比例ä¸å®œè¶…过40%。
5.çº¢ç –çº¢ç –ä¸€èˆ¬ç”±
First, after the house was accepted, many people did not know how to accept it. Some people think that the quality inspection station has been accepted, and the owner's re-acceptance is an extra one. In fact, in many cases, if you do not check and accept, the house will have to be down. You just find the problem before signing it. You will be more convenient to pursue the developer's responsibility.
As a layman, how to check the house?
1. The inspection of the wall does not know when it started. Looking at the wall turned out to be the most important issue for housing acceptance. I have seen a house and found that the windows had water seepage on rainy days. When they asked, they knew that the walls below almost every window in the entire building were seep. When it comes to a typhoon, it is even more alarming. Therefore, it is best to visit the house on the second day of heavy rain before the delivery of the house. If there is a problem with the wall at this time, it is almost insignificant.
In addition to water seepage in the walls, there is another problem that is whether there are cracks. A friend once reported that there was a door-shaped crack in the wall of his home. Later, he asked the developer to know that the elevator had been left at the time of construction and was later used as a port to handle the lifts.
2. The first step in verifying hydropower is to check if the house's hydropower is on. Of course, for some high-end renovations, most of the water pipes and wires will be replaced in the later period. Therefore, sometimes these contents are not critical, but if you do not plan to replace the water pipes and wires, then these things must be carefully accepted.
In addition to checking whether or not electricity is available, the inspection line is mainly to see if the wire meets the national standard and whether the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire meets the requirements. In general, the home electric wire should not be lower than 2.5mm2, air conditioning line should reach 4mm2 otherwise, when using air conditioner, it is easy to overheat and soften.
3. Check waterproof The water proof mentioned here refers to the waterproof of the kitchen and bathroom. Of course, some of the houses that are currently delivered have already declared that they have not done any water repellent treatment. This will require renovations. If waterproofing is already done at the time of delivery, then you need to verify the waterproof quality. If you do not try before the renovation, leaks will be found after your decoration, then the maintenance project will be big. You have to dismantle the newly renovated floor to make a new waterproof layer.
The method of acceptance of waterproofing is: use cement mortar to make a door to the kitchen and bathroom, use a plastic bag to cover the drain or drain, and put it in a solid state. Then put water on the kitchen and bathroom floor. About 2cm high). Make an appointment with the owners downstairs to see if there is any seepage in the ceilings of their home kitchens and bathrooms after 24 hours.
4. The pipelines referred to in the inspection pipeline are drainage or sewage pipelines, especially the sewage outlets at balconies and so on. When accepting, take a water-filled appliance and pour water into the drain to see if the water is flowing smoothly. Why should we accept this? Because during construction, some workers often throw some cement residue into the drain when they are clean. If the cement is more viscous, it will block at the elbow and cause drainage difficulties.
Another situation is to see if there is a water storage deodorant elbow. According to experience, if the sewage pipe does not contain water and deodorant elbow, then the overall quality of the house will be compromised. Why does a sewage pipe need such an elbow? Because the elbow stores water, the odor coming from the lower pipeline will be blocked by the horse under the aquifer. Without the elbow, the outlet of the laundry room and toilet will be emitted. Unbearable odor. There may be developers who think that the use of deodorant floor drains will be sufficient, and engineering practices have proven that deodorant floor drains are far from meeting actual needs. This small place often best reflects the construction quality of builders.
5. Ground leveling is to measure the horizontal error of the ground on the interior and the ground in the doorway that is furthest away from the gate. The ground level test can reflect the construction quality of the developer in many cases. Because as the owner, it is impossible to accept the main structure, then you can only look at the quality of these details.
Here's a simple and easy way to do it. Go to the hardware store to buy a small transparent water pipe, about 20m in length, filled with water. First draw a sign at the entrance 0.5m or 1m from the ground, then adjust the water level of the water pipe to the height of this sign, and find someone to fix it in this position. Move the other end of the hose to the room furthest from the door. Then look at the height of the water pipe at that point and make another sign. Measured with a ruler—What is the height of this marker off the ground? The difference in these two levels is the difference in the level of the house. You can also use this method to analogically measure the level difference in the whole house.
In general, if the difference is about 2cm is normal, 3cm is an acceptable range; beyond this range,
You have to pay attention.
6. If your contract has this clause. Then you should measure the height of the building. The method is very simple, measuring the feet along the inside corners of two of the walls. You should measure multiple places in your home. In general, a floor height of about 2.65m is an acceptable range; if it is lower than 2.6m, it has to be taken into account. Such a home will make you have to live in a depressing environment in the future.
Doing short heights is a very effective way to save costs for developers. 1 Reduce the total weight, so that the cost of the basic part can be saved. 2 Although only about 10cm is subtracted from each floor, overall, there are many cost savings, especially for the development of residential areas. 3 At a certain height, lowering the floor height can create more layers.
7. The inspection window is mainly based on the acceptance window. The key to acceptance is the tightness of the window and balcony doors. The most troublesome aspect of the window's sealing acceptance is that it can only be tested if it's good or bad in heavy rain, but it can usually be confirmed by checking whether the sealant is complete and strong. Balcony doors generally look at the level difference between inside and outside doors. Once I have seen a situation where the level of the balcony is the same as the level of the interior, it is very difficult to avoid the infiltration of rainwater in heavy rainy days.
8. Other projects In fact, in addition to the above projects, other inspections require more professional knowledge. If possible, you may wish to bring a friend who is familiar with the project to check the house. In addition, you can only rely on the quality inspection department.
Chapter II Pre-Renovation and Preparation 1. How to Prepare for Renovation Many people begin to consider the renovation when they sign a purchase contract and have not even bought a house. Indeed, buying a house is, after all, the biggest investment in most people's life. So how do you go about preparing for the renovation?
1. Decide on the date of renovation of the house delivery date, generally one month in advance. Too long to prepare, not only unnecessary, but also allow yourself to suffer more time, because it takes to think; too short, the time is too hasty.
2. How much money does it take to plan and raise funds to renovate a house? This is often the most asked of owners. Because the prices vary from place to place, the grades, projects, and renovations of the renovation are different, so this issue is difficult to generalize. In general, mid-range renovations will account for about one-tenth to one-fifth of housing prices. For example, a house is 100M2, house price is 50 yuan (the old house should be calculated according to the market price of the corresponding new house), then the decoration section is 50,000 to 100,000 yuan is possible.
3. Dealing with the renovation of the decoration of the couple's role, sometimes as a fuse for couples to argue, so have to focus on catching up. For several years, the following types of couples or family combinations have been found in home decoration:
1) Male and female assistants. In the decoration, the male owner usually carries the hostess. The husband and wife have the final say in the decision-making power of some affairs. The most typical of the female hostesses is silent, and some of them are assistive.
2) The woman is male assistant. This type of couple has a variety of situations: The first is the “wife management is strict,†and the man is basically afraid to snoring at the time of housework. At any time, it is: “My wife said...â€; the second is the relatively high level of academic qualifications or knowledge of the woman. The male has relatively little knowledge in this area. At this time, the male majority is a relatively silent party.
3) Man @@@ office. In the decoration, the woman basically did not appear. There are many reasons for this. There may be situations where the woman is pregnant and the like is inconvenient to go out; the male owner suspects that the woman looks too sorry for everyone and does not seem to be willing to let her go out; the woman is too busy or on a business trip.
4) The woman @@@ does. In the decoration, the reason why the man does not appear may be: the man is too busy, and some are even on long-term business trips; the man is in a high status and is not convenient to appear.
5) Titatively opposed. This kind of husband and wife is more than a young man, and usually he will quarrel because of some problems in the decoration. I met two couples, one pair because the hostess persisted in the problem of feng shui, and quarreled with the doctor's male owner. One noisy was for a month and the project could not be carried out; the other pair was the male owner who was too short. The size of some of the home's projects is often based on their own height, and is strongly opposed by the taller female host. Of course, at this time, I support the hostess. The design should be designed at an ordinary height (1.75m). This looks like coordination.
6) The husband sang women. Most of these couples can discuss with each other, mainly in higher education families. Both men and women have considerable knowledge and their views are more rational.
7) People to be married. Most of these are men and women who love to talk about marriage. Most of the situations are similar to those of the sixth category. Most of the male and female parties will discuss the decoration issue in a cordial manner before making a decision.
8) Parents do it. The probability of this type of occurrence is lower. It may be that the landlord has not yet been married. The house is the property that the parents bought for their son or daughter.
9) "single aristocrats" or single-parent families. Only the man or the woman, there is no contradiction between the owners.
In contrast, what type does your family belong to? The author believes that husband and wife should consult each other and respect each other as well, because the living room is the place where both parties live together, but the renovation should be based on one party, otherwise it will not only be difficult for the project to continue, but also Causes a waste of time and money.
4. The choice of renovation time The choice of decoration time, in addition to the above issues need to be considered, there are two main considerations:
1) The problem of idle time. General home improvement is best to choose when they are relatively free, if you have been working very busy during the renovation period, but still insist on decoration, then you better find someone you absolutely trust to decorate; otherwise, you still wait .
2) Weather factors. Many people are rumored that they cannot be renovated in some wet weather. In fact, there is no scientific basis for this argument. The only effect of wet weather on decoration is paint. If it is handled improperly, there will be whitening and mildew, but if handled properly, it will not be a problem.
3) The price factor. It is because people have a common sense of when the most appropriate decoration, when not able to decorate the psychological, resulting in the year round, there is always a quarter is the off-season of decoration. In fact, if you are looking for the decoration company's technology, then you can save a lot of money in the so-called off-season decoration, because not only will the decoration company cut prices in the off-season, but even material dealers will cut prices. This account is definitely not a small number.
2. Introduction to Decoration The decoration mentioned here refers to the "secondary decoration" ("a renovation" refers to the renovation performed by civil works). The decoration consists of three parts: interior design, construction and maintenance. Here, the project construction is mainly based on design.
Renovation, which is generally known as decoration engineering in a formal setting in the industry, is a comprehensive discipline. The installation is derived from the construction industry and is an extension of architectural science. It covers a wide range of areas and is inextricably linked with many disciplines, mainly including:
(1) Building structure: spatial structure, design style, natural lighting, architectural index.
(2) HVAC: indoor artificial lighting, air conditioning system.
(3) Water supply and drainage system: the supply and discharge of domestic water and sewage.
(4) Fire, safety and television systems.
(5) Decoration materials and supplies industry: Provide a variety of materials, finished products and semi-finished products for the decoration industry.
1. Steps of Renovation Steps Renovation works are described in the “Concise Flow Chart for Home Improvement Projects†on the next page.
2. The composition of the decoration practitioners At present, there are mainly five types of personnel engaged in renovation projects:
(1) Graduates of interior design majors. This is the most professional family. The decoration engineering knowledge is more comprehensive.
(2) Graduates of architecture and structure majors. This is a more professional family. In some aspects, interior design professionals may have more advantages.
(3) People in related industries such as fine arts or engineering. These people have a certain amount of expertise.
(4) Apprentices from the construction team. Has a wealth of construction experience, but generally less professional knowledge, lack of creativity, the construction of imitation practices
(5) Other people.
Third, how to choose a qualified designer in China, the professional training of interior design professionals is mainly environmental art design.
No matter which channel you choose to decorate your company, look at advertising, or introduce friends, your first concern is to have a qualified designer at your service. This is why the author wants to select the contents of the interior designer before choosing the contents of the decoration company.
1 The Skills that Qualified Interior Designers Should Have Already introduced the composition of the people who are currently engaged in decoration in China. Here we talk about what qualified interior designers are and what the qualified interior designers should have.
1) Good art expression skills. Including sketching, coloring, sketching, hand-drawn renderings, and model making capabilities.
2) Good computer @@@ ability. Skilled @@@ for AutoCAD, 3Dmax, Photoshop, Lightscape and Autodesk VIZ.
3) Good interior design basis. Including the flat composition, three-dimensional composition, color composition design basis.
4) Good interior design theory. Including Chinese and foreign architectural history, various periods of design style, ergonomics, color psychology, space planning.
5) Good foundation of relevant disciplines. Including the basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, acoustics, and applied disciplines, psychology philosophy (including logic), budget science, public relations, and other marginal disciplines.
6) Good foundation for engineering construction. Including the basic knowledge of carpentry, puddles, water supply and drainage, electricians, paints, and metalworking, as well as a simple project budget basis.
2. If you know whether or not the designer is qualified, I believe that asking a responsible and qualified interior designer to trouble the owner's decoration will greatly ease it. However, how do you know if a designer is qualified?
1) Listen. The professional interior designer, based on his knowledge and opinions on the issue, is absolutely not convinced that this is a mature approach. Moreover, professional designers rarely use prosaic adjectives.
2) Look. Professional interior designers must have basic skills. This basic skill is not the use of computers, but the real hand-painted effort. The sketch paper hand-painted by the designer should be real, words, performance correct and in accordance with the perspective principle.
3) Test. Professional interior designers will naturally have some certificates such as diplomas, of which the most important are environmental art design or architectural design. Of course, the author does not reject self-taught people. After all, the industry sometimes needs understanding and enthusiasm.
3. How to make good use of designers to make good use of designers, but also to make good use of designers, owners often can not make full use of good designers.
(1) Tell your designer what you think, tell him (her) what you need, what you like, and let your designer understand your cultural and professional background, lifestyle, and family composition.
(2) Don't overly limit the designer's ideas. When you tell the designer what you said above, you need patience to let the designer use his expertise to turn your immature ideas into something standard. You do not need to worry about this because you have the power to make changes and decisions for any designer.
(3) Hear the designer's program introduction and fully understand the designer's design ideas. If you can't understand it, you can ask him and tell your own questions. To dare to admit that you are not a professional, everyone has their own knowledge. Communicating with designers is the key to getting a satisfying work.
(4) When you have ideas, if the designer has objections, you should think twice about their opinions. This does not mean that you are obedient to the designer, but rather to your own property.
4. How a designer should serve you as a designer, in accordance with the requirements of the owner, to make a design that suits his satisfaction is the only pursuit.
(1) Listen carefully to the basic situation of the owners and understand their needs, including lifestyle habits, personal hobbies, etc.
(2) The design must be based on the economic affordability of the owner, and the design made out of the project cost control line can only be a good and useless thing.
(3) The design style should be controlled within the acceptable range of the owner. A good design style is based on a combination of various factors. Apart from the above mentioned conditions, the involved contents include the age of the owner and the aesthetic ability.
Fifth, how to negotiate the design plan After you choose a good decoration company, the next step is to negotiate the design program.
1. Communicating with Designers Before any design, communication is critical, and it all comes from the information you provide for the designer. So what are these messages?
1) Your own ideas. Tell designers about their own vague ideas, but this does not require very specific. And you have to stress that what you provide is immature ideas. Relatively speaking, you prefer that designers can provide better ideas, which is conducive to the full use of designers. What needs to be clearly stated is which level you want the house to be renovated into.
2) Tell the designer your career. You don't need to tell the other party where you work for. You only need to tell a wide range of occupations, such as company employees, artists, athletes, entrepreneurs, or teachers. Why should we care about this? Because different industries have their own characteristics of the industry, as the saying goes, "three sentences do not leave the Bank" is this truth. For example, civil servants want the house to be decorated as simple and generous as possible; and when a doctor comes home, he often does not like to see the wall of his home is still white.
3) Family members. The average family will have several people. As a small group, the decoration of the house has to take into account their situation. If there are children at home, safety issues must be considered in some renovation projects. For example, the balcony railings of some buildings are very short or have a large distance between poles. This may cause potential safety hazards.
4) Special members. This mainly refers to pets. Many customers who have pets tend to regard them as members of the family. In the renovation, they also need to take into account their factors, such as creating a small nest for them.
5) Personal hobby. This refers to some common hobbies, such as being sensitive to color, what kind of colors are particularly liked or disliked, etc. There are also people who have special feelings about specific patterns. For example, blue is a good color for a lot of people, but others do not like it.
6) Special hobby. This refers to a number of different interests, such as owners like to collect, may like to show some items. I have a customer collection tool no less than a thousand, the living room is placed a very sharp katana.
7) Lifestyle. This refers to daily life habits such as placing a treadmill at home or being a super worm, hoping that the home is full of network cables. I have a customer's home, there are three computers, there are servers, and almost every room has a network cable.
8) Special furniture. If you have a big piece like a piano, you need to take it into account when you start designing. In addition, the existing furniture should be moved into the future, but also take it into account.
9) Avoiding problems. Everyone in every place may have a habit of avoiding it. For example, in Guangdong, many people are jealous of decorations such as mirrors placed in the doorways, and there are people in some places who are afraid of patterns such as butterflies.
10) Religious beliefs. There may be some owners who have specific religious beliefs or ethnic groups, or Christians, or Hui people, etc.; in some places there is a habit of honoring ancestors. This is out of respect for ancestors; in some places there are some traditions. Customs, such as worshiping Guan Gong, etc.
2. After understanding the design process to obtain the above information, generally familiar designers will have a general idea, and relatively good designers can sketch the sketches immediately. After the initial approval of the owner, the designer can proceed with the next design, which will reduce rework.
In general, home improvement design is divided into the following stages:
1) Plan design. Mainly for the comparison of the program and the exchange of opinions between the parties.
2) Preliminary design. More in-depth design stage, the design project is basically shaped.
3) Construction design. After the owner agrees, it begins to draw construction plans.
4) Completion design. For home improvement, it is mainly to provide an as-built drawing of hidden pipes.
Many home improvement companies often provide
(7) Is natural lighting optimized?
(8) Whether the use of materials meets the actual requirements and whether the collocation is reasonable. A dozen sheets of drawings are given to the owners. In fact, this practice is completely unnecessary. However, in order to embody “seriously workingâ€, many designers often turn the design into a form that reflects the depth of the design through the number of drawings. The general home furnishing owners do not have specialized knowledge or personnel in this area to specifically review the designer's drawings. Therefore, they must be targeted and tailored to your house type and needs. As for the number of drawings, I think it is necessary to be able to explain the problems. The expression must be expressed. The explanation must be explained. There is also a specific implementation problem. Do not make the design useless.
Sixth, how to look at the design drawings mentioned here, including renderings, design plans and construction drawings. When a well-designed work is in front of us, how can we look at it?
1. First of all, look at the design
(1) Is the layout reasonable?
(2) Whether it is ergonomic and whether the communication line is reasonable.
(3) Whether the color is in accordance with the principle of color science.
(4) Whether the use of color meets the principles of color psychology.
(5) Whether the design style is uniform and whether the design styling matches.
(6) Is the artificial lighting setting reasonable?
(9) Whether the individual design has technical feasibility.
(10) Whether the design is in the real budget range.
(11) Whether the design meets the current technical specifications and safety regulations.
(12) Is it reasonable to design individual relationships and scales?
(13) Creation of interest centers.
(14) Application of design elements.
(15) The creativity of design. If it is a manual map, you also need to see whether the performance techniques are mature; if it is a computer map, you also need to see whether the image performance is realistic.
2. The popular way of looking at graphs The average owner himself does not have the ability to analyze in accordance with the above theory, because most of them do not have this knowledge. Is it just looking pretty or not beautiful? The author has the following suggestions:
1) Whether it is pleasing to see the big color of the picture. There is a saying in the line: Harmony is beauty. First of all, we must look at the first feeling. This is in general terms. Whether or not you are an expert, you will have your own views and aesthetics.
2) See the degree of authenticity. Many designers will deliberately adjust some dimensions to meet the needs of their own drawings. For example, a 20M2 house is painted as 40M2, and the height is 2.6m and it is drawn as 3.5m. In the plan, the frame area of ​​the house is often used in different proportions with the furniture, which is especially likely to happen on the developer's drawings. Many owners have actually seen their homes countless times. From here, one can know whether the family is so big, so spectacular, and can not put down so much furniture.
3) See if the design meets its own needs. Generally you will have some of your own needs. For example, if there is a cabinet you need, whether the size of the dining table in the restaurant meets the requirements for use.
4) Whether the design is creative. A good designer always has the finishing touch. In home furnishings, there are not many design projects, so one or two pure decoration projects can reflect the design ideas.
5) Whether there are improvements to the existing environment. Your house will have natural defects like this. Some of them are hopeless, but some of them can be improved. Designers' design skills can best be seen here.
6) Is it realistic? There are some designs that are unconstrained by reality. This is also worth noting. This depends on the actual national conditions, the environment, and the family situation.
To sum up, if you have a certain basic knowledge, the above two types of mapping methods can be referenced, or choose a method that is more in line with their own reality.
VII. How to negotiate the project budget The project budget is a very important part of the renovation project. How do you do a project budget that suits you?
Nowadays, there are often such advertisements as “32,000 yuan for luxury decoration in three bedrooms and two hallsâ€. In fact, this slogan is obviously a hole in the drilling laws, because the relevant departments of the state do not specify the "luxury" standard. However, for the high-end decoration, the national construction department has expressly stated that the average cost per square meter is more than 1,500 yuan. The general area of ​​three bedrooms and two halls is approximately 80m2, so the cost of high-grade decoration will have to be 120,000 yuan. Obviously, 32,000 yuan is out of reality and empty.
How much money is needed for a project's budget? In a relative area, there is another way to say: "Our products use AAA-level plywood." In fact, the country's commonly used grades are such as special grades. Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and AAA grades are mostly used in bank credit ratings. There is no doubt that products distributed within China need to comply with China's product standards. If you really have a AAA board, you should have AA, A, and so on according to corollaries. Then, the board ranked third is still A board!
It can be seen that these acts are fraudulent and unfair competition, and its spread will only continue to harm the interests of the entire industry. A market price, commonly known as the price, it is an average quote.
8. How to sign a decoration contract When signing a decoration contract, the contents and items that can make provisions must be clearly stated. Some people may find a friend to decorate. Due to their feelings, no signing of a decoration contract is the most important legal document in the renovation project. After all the design and project budgets are negotiated, signing a decoration contract is a formal process that must be performed before the renovation starts. At present, the construction committees or construction bureaus of cities with more mature decoration management have established standard contracts. Here's an introduction to the situation.
1 The composition of the decoration contract
1) The main body of the project.
(1) Name of construction site. This is the main body of the contract.
(2) Names of both parties. This is the object of execution of the contract.
2) Engineering project. Including serial numbers, project names, specifications, units of measure, quantities, unit prices, pricing, totals, and preparations used to indicate some special process practices, etc. Most of this part is written in the form of an attachment into the project budget (quotation) table.
3) Project duration. Including the number of days for the duration of the project, extension of the breach of contract and so on.
4) Payment method. The rules for payment methods.
5) Project responsibility. Responsible for various quality and safety responsibilities in the construction process.
6) Both parties sign the seal. Including the signatures and dates of the representatives of both parties; as a company, there should also be a company seal.
In the end, even friends cannot do it. Here are some ways to use common words in some contracts.
1) About the project. For example: living room floor shop 600mm X 600mm domestic Foshan XX brand wear-resistant brick
2. The use of the words commonly used in the contract and the attention to details of the contract, resulting in a lot of endless friction in the future, (samples should be specified). •
(2) "m2" for units such as wood flooring, latex paint, wallpaper, and security nets.
(3) Furniture, door leaf, counter 2) About the unit.
(1) "m (m)" is used for the unit of ceiling corner line, skirting line, waist line, and cover door.
Such as "item", "樘" and other units. It is necessary to indicate the quoting units and quotations for these items, for example: “Calculate 600 square meters per square meter according to the square of the facade.â€
Units should use the domestic common legal measurement units and should not use units such as imperial units. Sub-items that can calculate area should avoid using "items" to express.
3) About quantity. There are two ways:
(1) After the actual measurement, add the amount of loss and calibrate it within the contract. No further calculations will be made in the future.
(2) By unit price, multiplied by the actual amount of work. This is a practice of how much to do.
It is recommended to use method (1) to confirm the number of works before signing the contract, and then indicate in the contract to prevent the fraudulent use of "low budget and high settlement" by some businesses.
4) About remarks. Some processes and practices should be marked. For example: "Wardrobe: Surface with red panel,
Lined with white fire board, the main body is 15mm big core board. ""
5) About breach of contract. Whether it is the owner’s breach of contract or the decoration company’s breach of contract, it can be punished and compensated by economic means. The general liquidated damages are about one-thousandth to three of the total project amount. But it needs to be reminded to pay attention to this thousand-thousand-though wording. Some people deliberately added a metacharacter after the thousandths. This means that the actual fine is one thousandth of one (or a few) dollars, that is, a few cents, and one penny is not enough.
6) About management fees. The so-called administrative expenses include various administrative fees charged by the district administration office. Some management offices do not necessarily charge for certain projects; others have arbitrary charges and they are ridiculous. There are many types of charges, such as management deposits, garbage clearance freight, construction cleaning fees, passage painting fees, and public facilities maintenance fees. Elevator usage fee, worker management fee (/day), pass deposit, pass fee, temporary account registration fee, etc. The overcharged management office is the biggest headache for the decoration company, so more and more decoration companies require these costs to be paid by the owners and no longer counted into the project budget.
7) About taxes. In most cities, taxes are collected from the decoration company’s operating income. In the past two years, Shenzhen has started to collect a special decoration tax, which is collected through the building or community management office, rather than through the company's tax return. In these cases, it is necessary to identify the bearers.
8) About the signature. Due to the chaos on the current decoration market @@@, some of the so-called decoration companies are actually affiliated with or fake the name of a decoration company. Therefore, the author suggests that when the owner signs any legal documents, unless the other party is the legal representative of the formal decoration company. , otherwise it is better to ask the other party to indicate the signer’s ID number.
Nine, common ten kinds of home design Feng traps derived from the architectural style of a variety of interior design style common ten kinds of home design Feng trapped derived from the architectural style of a variety of interior design style, according to the designer and owner of the aesthetic and hobbies, but also different A variety of different illusions. Here, we introduce to you the 10 common interior design styles.
1. Classical style (luxury rich)
In the era of renovation just now, most of the renovations are pursuing a more luxurious and rich style. Especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, interior decoration was often a special form of showing off their identity. The owners will ask to embed a variety of luxurious design into the decoration, such as stained glass ceilings, fireplaces, decorative panels, decorative wooden corners, etc., and basically in a similar manner to the Baroque style of domestic materials as the main decoration .
2. Simple style (anything you like)
In the 1990s, there was a home improvement in some areas. Due to the limitations of technology and materials, there was no real designer for home improvement instruction at that time. Therefore, what she likes is the greatest portrayal at the time. The owners began to assume a neat and bright interior effect. Today, this style is still preferred by most first-time home buyers.
3. Exquisite style (nobility)
After nearly 10 years of exploration, with the improvement of the living standards of domestic residents and the increase in opening to the outside world, people began to yearn for and pursue high-quality life. Starting from about the middle of the 1990s, people began to use exquisite decorative materials and furniture in their decoration. Especially at this time, domestic designers stepped into the design of home decoration, which brought a new concept of decoration.
4. Natural style (Art Leisure)
The upsurge of decoration that began in the 1990s brought many decorative ideas to people. There are a large number of decorative magazines in Taiwan and Hong Kong that have opened the eyes of people. Decoration techniques such as small gardens, cultural stone decorative walls, and yuhua stone, which were previously unimaginable, have appeared in realistic designs. In particular, after everyone used to seeing the decoration of the country with a yellow decoration caused by the heavy use of Hung Hom, getting close to nature and returning to nature has become one of the goals pursued by the people.
5. Light style (bold and generous)
Since the mid-1990s, the home design philosophy has been greatly liberated. People have begun to pursue a variety of design methods, including modernism, post-modernism, and other series of more complete training systems living room design. When the Chinese people talk about decoration, these "isms" frequently appear. This style basically uses cherry wood as the main woodwork buckle surface.
6. Soft style (smooth and independent)
At the end of the last century, at the beginning of this century, the design of imitation clubs, which pursued a smooth and luxurious style, began to appear in the model houses and office buildings of various types of real estate discs, and then appeared in a large number of ordinary home furnishings. This kind of style emphasizes more - a more simple but R content without losing the content of the form of decoration, and gradually formed a style of black walnut as the main carpentry decorative panel. In China, minimalism and minimalism began to surface.
7. Elegant style (quiet and gentle)
This is a design style that appeared in the beginning of this century at the beginning of this century. It is basically based on wallpapers.
Carpenter who wants to decorate the surface material and mix the oil to make 0 method. This style is strong I scale and color I harmony. People started]
The upper part of a wall will be the same color as the ceiling, while the wall uses a wallpaper with a faint texture. The whole style is very elegant and quiet, without a hint of impetuosity.
8. Urban style (independent personality)
Into the 21st century, the implementation of housing reform, the emergence of many young first-time home buyers, for the generation of this style to inject power. Young people have just bought a house and many are shy. At this time, real estate is basically based on rough houses (a style without basic decoration). These young people were forced to undergo a renovation of the decoration. Constrained by financial resources, people began to emphasize the perception of “decoration†through various forms. The use of bright colors in a large amount is a typical example. People use a wide variety of colors in their homes, and sometimes even use three or more colors in the same space.
9. Fresh style (light and casual)
This is a kind of interior style with "petty petty" flavor derived from the influence of minimalism. Especially with the emergence of many single nobles, this kind of petty bourgeoisie appears in a large number of apartment renovations. Because many times, their occupants do not have members such as the elderly and children, so do not have to consider many functional issues in the renovation. They often emphasize an arbitrary peace. The flimsy white yarn market is accompanied by a soft fabric sofa, and piles of pillows of various colors form an indoor space full of lazy atmosphere.
10. Chinese style With the emergence of many modernismism, there has been a domestic retro-style, which is the renaissance of Chinese style decoration. Chinese paintings, paintings, and Ming and Qing furniture constitute the most important elements of Chinese design. However, these re-use furniture prices are expensive and become a big obstacle for fans.
Ten, choose hardcover type or simple type of home decoration now has a fashionable name: simple type. In some people's eyes, things that are inherently decorative, such as plaster lines, have become obsolete. In fact, there is a very serious basic common sense problem here.
(1) Obsolete can only be functional. For example, functional items such as wall skirts and hanging lines are outdated. The reason why these things were originally used is because there are functional requirements. With the advancement of science and technology, the original dirt-proof function of the skirt has been replaced by washable latex paint, so it is unavoidable that the wall skirt is abandoned.
(2) The decorative line of things, which belongs to a style of 'can be accomplished. It's not going to be out of date, because it's part of the style. For example, plaster such as Rococo, Baroque style, no plaster line or wooden shade is å½³; (3) Some functional items can not be abandoned for the time being, because there is no more advanced thing to replace its function, for example, Baseboard. When the wood floor is installed, there must be a distance of lcm from the wall. So what does this empty lcm cover? The only way is to use a skirting board. Obviously, people who say that the baseboard is out of date do not understand construction.
Eleven, then, decoration is the choice of exquisite decoration or simple decoration?
1. Exquisite decoration decoration is generally suitable for some people over the age of 30. In general, the character of a 30-year-old has basically been determined, and basically what has been his own preference has also been formed. In the decoration, the hardcover type is generally more appropriate.
Even if these people do not meet all the needs at the moment, they will also do the decoration first. Why? After the basic decoration is done, furniture and other things can be increased. For example, after the basic items such as ceilings, walls, and floors are beautiful, furniture can be purchased slowly. Buy a sofa this month and buy a beautiful cabinet next month. But you will not be able to add a decorative wall next month and add another door next month. Of course, if people are 40 years old, the general economic ability is strong, then basically a lot of things can be done in one step.
2. Simple decoration The simple decoration mainly comes from the United States. Simple walls, simple grounds, and beautiful furniture add up to the renovation. The characteristic of the simple decoration is to transfer the money originally spent on the basic decoration to the private buyers. Its advantage is that the amount of basic investment is relatively small, but the investment in furniture is doubled.
The reason why the simple type is popular in the United States is mainly because the United States is an immigrant country. Families rarely invest in immovable property. Today, they do not like to move here. They can only move away from furniture and it is impossible to remove the walls. But this model is not suitable for Chinese people, just as the open kitchen is not applicable in China.
So, the only practical prerequisite for you to choose a minimalist decoration is: You really don't have the money. But it is by no means a simple decoration, but a "simple decoration." The simple type is not saving money, but it also costs money.
Many people are now pursuing fashion. What is fashion? The main word for fashion is the word “Shiâ€, which is often popular only for a period of time. Nowadays, many people like to buy fashion furniture. Fashion furniture is still in the year of purchase. After one or two years, it is basically outdated. And you can't just change the sofa or the same one, because fashion things are often matched.
The author believes that if you have a lot of money, and you are young or have inherited your father's business, you can choose a simple scenery. If you are rich, but you already have a certain age, use a steady focus style even if you can afford it. Of course, if you do not have a few dollars, you should still use a simple decoration.
Twelve, how to use visual illusion in design
1. What is called visual illusion is mistaken judgment and perception based on empiricism or improper reference when people observe objects. In our daily lives, there are many examples of visual illusions encountered. For example, the French flag is red: White: The ratio of blue to blue is 35:33:37, and we feel that the three colors are equal in area. This is because white gives people a feeling of expansion, while blue has a feeling of contraction, which is optical illusion.
2. Some optical illusions can be corrected by using visual illusions, but some visual illusions are inevitable. In interior design, what we want to use is the inevitable part.
1) High in the dwarf. It is in the living room that some of them do chandeliers and the other part does not. Then the part without chandeliers will appear "high."
2) See the truth in the virtual reality. Through the bar or the entire mirror glass, a virtual space can be created in a real space, and the virtual space is visually a real space.
3) cool down. For example, when the kitchen is used in dark areas, we stay inside and feel that the temperature drops by 2-3 degrees.
4) See fine in the rough. In materials such as solid wood floors or vitrified tiles, materials with a higher finish will appear higher on the edge of the material.
Place some rough material, such as retro bricks and pebbles, then the smooth material will appear more smooth, which is the visual illusion of contrast.
5) See straight in the song. The ceiling of some buildings is often not flat, and when the bending is not very large, the visual overall flatness can be caused by processing the right angles near the four sides.
In interior design, we may use visual illusions to produce special or better results, or it may be to improve certain deficiencies. However, attention must be paid to the fact that it cannot be abused. Excessive use of visual illusions can cause visual hallucinations.例如我们在居室ä¸å¤§é‡åœ°ä½¿ç”¨é•œå，这é¢å¢™æœ‰é•œå，那é¢å¢™ä¹Ÿæœ‰é•œå，镜ååˆåˆ†å¤§å¤§å°å°å„ç§å½¢çŠ¶çš„拼å—ï¼Œè¿™æ ·è¿‡åˆ†çš„è§†é”™è§‰ï¼Œå°±ä¼šæ‰æ›²äººçš„æ£ç¡®åˆ¤æ–人的眼ç›å°±ä¼šå‡ºçŽ°æŒç»ä¸å¥åº·çš„视错觉，长期呆在这ç§è¿‡åˆ†çš„视幻觉环境会引起å¥åº·é—®é¢˜ã€‚这是值得注æ„çš„ã€‚æˆ‘ä»¬åœ¨åˆ¶é€ è™šæ‹Ÿç©ºé—´çš„é•œåå‰é¢ï¼Œåšä¸€ä¸ªç«–å‘或横å‘çš„æœ¨æ ¼åŠ ä»¥åˆ†éš”ï¼Œå°±å¯ä»¥å¤§å¤§å‡è½»å¯¹è§†è§‰çš„æ‰æ›²ã€‚
å三ã€å大定律的内容
1.å大定律的内容第一æ¡ï¼šç©ºé—´é…色ä¸å¾—超过三ç§(å…¶ä¸ç™½è‰²ã€é»‘色ä¸ç®—色)
第二æ¡ï¼šé‡‘色ã€é“¶è‰²å¯ä»¥ä¸Žä»»ä½•é¢œè‰²ç›¸é…衬(金色ä¸åŒ…括黄色，括ç°ç™½è‰²)。
第三æ¡ï¼šåœ¨æ²¡æœ‰è®¾è®¡å¸ˆæŒ‡å¯¼çš„情况下，家居最佳é…色ç°åº¦æ˜¯å®¶ç§æ·±ã€‚
第四æ¡ï¼šåŽ¨æˆ¿ä¸è¦ä½¿ç”¨æš–色调(黄色色系除外)。
Article 5: Do not kill dark green tiles.
第å…æ¡ï¼šåšå†³ä¸è¦æŠŠä¸åŒæ质但色系相åŒçš„æ料放在一起，一åŠçš„机会犯错。
第七æ¡ï¼šæƒ³åˆ¶é€ 明快现代的家居å“味，那么您就ä¸è¦é€‰ç”¨é‚£äº›å°æœ‰å¤§èŠ±èŠ±çš„东西(æ¤ç‰©é™¤å¤–)，尽é‡ä½¿ç”¨ç´ 色的设计。
第八æ¡ï¼šå¤©èŠ±æ¿çš„颜色必须浅于墙é¢æˆ–与墙é¢åŒè‰²ã€‚当墙é¢çš„颜色为深时，天花æ¿å¿…须采用浅色。 The color of the ceiling can only be white or the same color as the wall.
第ä¹æ¡ï¼šç©ºé—´éžå°é—贯穿的，必须使用åŒä¸€é…色方案；ä¸åŒçš„å°é—空间，以使用ä¸åŒçš„é…色方案。
第åæ¡ï¼šè¦å‘Šâ€”—本定律如果用于家居以外，90ï¼…å¯èƒ½é”™è¯¯ã€‚
2.说明在一般的室内设计ä¸ï¼Œéƒ½ä¼šå°†é¢œè‰²é™åˆ¶åœ¨ä¸‰ç§ä¹‹å†…。 Of course, this is not absolute. Because professional interior designers are familiar with deeper color relationships, there may be more than three colors used, but generally only one or two colors are exceeded.
Limit the definition of three colors:
(1) 三ç§é¢œè‰²æ˜¯æŒ‡åœ¨åŒä¸€ä¸ªç›¸å¯¹å°é—空间内，包括天花ã€å¢™é¢ã€åœ°é¢å’Œå®¶ç§çš„颜色。客厅和主人房å¯ä»¥æœ‰å„æˆç³»ç»Ÿçš„çš„ä¸åŒé…色，但如果客厅和é¤åŽ…是连在一起的，则视为åŒä¸€ç©ºé—´ã€‚
(2) 白色ã€é»‘色ã€ç°è‰²ã€é‡‘色ã€é“¶è‰²ä¸è®¡ç®—在三ç§é¢œè‰²çš„é™åˆ¶ä¹‹å†…。 However, gold and silver generally cannot exist at the same time, and only one of them can be used in the same space.
(3) 图案类以其呈现色为准。 For example, a piece of cloth has a variety of colors. Because there are many kinds of colors, professionally, the main presentation color prevails. The approach is to see its main shades with a squint eye. However, if a large pattern has a large number of individual patches, it should also be regarded as a color.
3.è¯æ±‡è§£é‡Š
1) ç°åº¦ã€‚很简å•ï¼ŒæŠŠæ‚¨è¦ç”¨çš„颜色用黑白å¤å°æœºå°å‡ºæ¥æ¯”一下就行了。ä¸ç®¡æ˜¯æš–色系还是冷色系，必然有它的ç°åº¦ã€‚
2) ç´ è‰²ã€‚å°±æ˜¯çº¯å•è‰²ã€‚
3) 色系。指接近的åŒè‰²ã€‚
装修æµè¡Œè¶‹åŠ¿é¢„测很多业主在装修å‰ï¼Œéƒ½ç›¸å½“å…³å¿ƒè‡ªå·±å®¶çš„è£…ä¿®é£Žæ ¼ä¼šä¸ä¼šè¿‡æ—¶ï¼Œå°±åƒå¾ˆå¤šäººä¹°è½¦æ€•è½¦åž‹è½ä¼ä¸€æ ·ã€‚确实，对于很多人æ¥è¯´ï¼Œåœ¨é¢„ç®—å…许的情况下åšå‡ºæœ€åˆé€‚的装修是一件éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„事。
å›½å†…ç´ æœ‰è£…ä¿®é£Žæ ¼è·Ÿé£Žçš„ä¹ æƒ¯ã€‚ä¸Šä¸–çºª80年代，家åºè£…ä¿®ä¸æµè¡Œç”¨æ°´æ›²æŸ³ï¼›90年代开始，家åºè£…ä¿®ä¸æœ€é£Žè¡Œçš„当算红榉木(红榉事实上是å黄色的)，于是就形æˆäº†â€œå…¨å›½è£…修一片黄â€çš„å±€é¢ã€‚
本世纪开始，大家åˆå¼€å§‹ä¸€çªèœ‚地使用黑胡桃木。å¯ä»¥é¢„è§ï¼Œåˆä¼šå‡ºçŽ°â€œå…¨å›½å®¶è£…一片黑â€çš„情况。
é€ æˆè£…修木æè·Ÿé£Žçš„åŽŸå› æœ‰å››ä¸ªï¼šâ‘ å¯¹äºŽè¢«å¤§é‡ä½¿ç”¨çš„木æ，ç»é”€å•†ä¼šå–得相对便宜；②业主方接触的æ料少，选择余地ä¸å¤šï¼›â‘¢ä¸€äº›è£…修公å¸æœ¬èº«ç¼ºå°‘专业人员，有跟潮æµçš„心æ€ï¼›â‘£å—欢迎的木æç 光了，厂家需è¦æ›´æ¢å“ç§ä»¥æ¢å–更多的货æºã€‚
å…¶å®žï¼Œåœ¨è£…ä¿®é£Žæ ¼æ–¹é¢ï¼Œæˆ‘们并ä¸èƒ½ä¸€å‘³åœ°æŠŠæŸäº›è£…修简å•åœ°è¯´â€œè€åœŸâ€ã€â€œä¿—â€æˆ–者“过时ã€è½åŽâ€ï¼Œè€Œè¦ä»Žå…¶åœ¨è®¾è®¡ä¸çš„应用æ¥åˆ†æžã€‚例如，å‰é¢ç¬¬åä¸æ到的石è†å¤©èŠ±è§’线。
综åˆç›®å‰çš„å„ç§å› ç´ ï¼Œç¬”è€…ä½œäº†ä¸€ä¸ª2002～2003年装修æµè¡Œè¶‹åŠ¿çš„推测，供å„ä½å‚考：
1.å³å°†è¢«æ·˜æ±°æˆ–ä¸æµè¡Œçš„装修ææ–™
1) æŠ›å…‰ç –ã€‚æŠ›å…‰ç –ç”±äºŽæœ‰ä»¤äººçƒ¦æ¼çš„防污差问题，æˆä¸ºä¸šç•Œçš„一å—å¿ƒç—…ã€‚å¦‚è¿‘æœŸå†…çŽ»åŒ–ç –ä»·æ ¼æœ‰æ‰€ä¸‹è°ƒçš„è¯ï¼Œä¼šå…¨é¢å–æ›¿æŠ›å…‰ç –
2) é“塑管。é“塑管是替代镀锌é“管的新产å“，但在作为çƒæ°´ç®¡ä½¿æœˆæ—¶å˜åœ¨è®¾è®¡ç»“æž„æ–¹é¢çš„ä¸è¶³ï¼Œç›¸ä¿¡ä¸ä¹…会被PP管(PP-R，PP-B管ç‰)所替代。
3） é“åˆé‡‘窗。é“åˆé‡‘窗é€æ¥è¢«å¡‘钢窗所替代或两者并å˜ï¼Œä¸»è¦æ˜¯ä¿æ¸©å’Œä»·æ ¼æ–¹é¢çš„å› ç´ ã€‚å°¤å…¶åœ¨åŒ—æ–¹ï¼Œé“åˆé‡‘是良好的导çƒä½“，跟塑钢相比，室内空调节—： 能效果è¦å·®äº›ã€‚
4) PVC天花æ¿ã€‚多彩多姿的东西ä¸ä¸€å®šå°±å®žç”¨ï¼ŒPVC天花æ¿å°±æ˜¯åé¢æ•™æ。PVCåŠé¡¶å®‰è£…åŽé•¿æ—¶é—´ä¼šå½¢æˆå¾€ä¸‹çš„拱起é¢ã€‚ç†æƒ³çš„替代å“是é“扣æ¿ã€‚
2.å³å°†è¢«æ·˜æ±°æˆ–ä¸æµè¡Œçš„装修项目和设计
1） 窗帘盒。除了åŠé¡¶å¤©èŠ±(俗称å‡å¤©èŠ±)å¯ä»¥æš—è—轨é“外，在窗顶å•ç‹¬è®¾ç½®çª—帘盒的åšæ³•ä¹Ÿæ˜¯è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå°‘了，更多人会选择明露的横æ†æ¥ä»£æ›¿ã€‚
2） 书柜门。我们看è€å¼ç”µå½±æˆ–者现在的一些办公室大ç椅åŽé¢éƒ½ä¼šæ”¾æœ‰è£…ï¼šæœ‰é—¨çš„ä¹¦æŸœã€‚å¯¹äºŽå®¶å±…è€Œè¨€ï¼Œä¹¦æŸœåŠ é—¨çš„åšæ³•å°±æ˜¾å¾—è€æ°”了。
3) 模压门。对于追求时尚的很多人们而言，模压门往往并ä¸èƒ½æ»¡è¶³äººä»¬çš„审美需è¦ï¼Œè™½ç„¶å®ƒåœ¨å·¥ä¸šåŒ–生产方é¢å…·æœ‰ä»·æ ¼æ–¹é¢çš„优势。
4) ä¸åˆ°é¡¶çš„å±é£Žã€‚以å‰æˆ‘们去é¤åŽ…åƒé¥æˆ–者在一些家åºä¸ä¼šè§åˆ°åœ¨é—¨å£ï¼šè®¾ç½®ä¸€é“约1．5m高的å±é£Žï¼Œä¸Šé¢æœ‰ä¸€äº›è¿˜ä¼šæœ‰ç£¨ç ‚å°èŠ±ã€‚到了今日，这ç§åŠæˆªå的设计就有点“土â€äº†ã€‚对于å±é£Žè€Œè¨€ï¼Œé€šé¡¶å¼çš„å±é£Ž(åŒ…æ‹¬åˆ°é¡¶çš„æ …å¼å±é£Ž)ä»ç„¶æ˜¯è®¾è®¡å¸ˆçš„选择之一，毕竟功能第一嘛。
5) 墙裙。其实这个项目拿到这里æ¥è¯´æœ‰ç‚¹ä¸åˆé€‚ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå¢™è£™æ˜¯æ·˜æ±°å¤šå¹´çš„ä¸œè¥¿äº†ã€‚
6) å£ç¯ã€‚对于家居而言，å£ç¯çš„确是一件æžå°‘é‡‡ç”¨çš„ä¸œè¥¿ã€‚å…¶åŽŸå› åŸºæœ¬ä¸Šæœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªï¼šä¸€ä¸ªæ˜¯è®¾è®¡é£Žæ ¼çš„é—®é¢˜ï¼Œå£ç¯è·ŸçŽ°åœ¨å¾ˆå¤šæµè¡Œçš„é£Žæ ¼æ ¼æ ¼ä¸å…¥ï¼›ä¸€ä¸ªæ˜¯ç…§æ˜Žçš„问题，跟其他的ç¯å…·ç›¸æ¯”，å£ç¯çš„效益并ä¸åˆ’算。
7) 墙顶é¢å…¨æœ¨è£…修。在一些豪åŽä¼šæ‰€é‡Œé¢ï¼Œå¢™é¢å…¨éƒ¨åŒ…装木质装饰é¢æ¿çš„设计还是ä¸å°‘，甚至一些人在装修ä¸è¿žåŠé¡¶éƒ½ç”¨è£…饰é¢æ¿ã€‚但是在家装ä¸è¿™æ ·è®¾è®¡ï¼Œå°±æœ‰ç‚¹è®©äººåƒä¸æ¶ˆäº†ã€‚现在这ç§æ˜¾å¯Œçš„心æ€ä¸ä½†ä¸èƒ½æ˜¾å¯Œï¼Œè€Œä¸”会让人感到俗ä¸å¯è€ã€‚
3.æµè¡Œçš„产å“或设计在上é¢â€œå³å°†è¢«æ·˜æ±°æˆ–ä¸æµè¡Œçš„装修ææ–™â€ä¸å¯¹éƒ¨åˆ†æ–°å…´æµè¡Œäº§å“已有介ç»ï¼Œè¿™é‡Œä¸å†é‡å¤ã€‚现介ç»å¦ä¸€äº›æ–°å…´çš„东西：
1) å¤å¤ç –。å¤å¤ç –的应用近年内有增多的趋势，这主è¦æ˜¯å› 为其国产化的æˆåˆ†å¤šäº†ï¼Œä»·æ ¼ç›¸å¯¹é™ä½Žã€‚但目å‰æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œå›½äº§å¤å¤ç –æ— è®ºåœ¨äº§å“è´¨é‡è¿˜æ˜¯çº¹ç†å¤„ç†ä¸Šï¼Œä»ç„¶ä¸æ˜¯è¿›å£å¤å¤ç –的对手。
2) 天然文化石。现在æ¯å¹³æ–¹ç±³100元左å³å°±å¯ä»¥ä¹°åˆ°å¤©ç„¶æ–‡åŒ–石，åªè¦ç¨å¾®åŠ 工一下，åŒæ ·å¯ä»¥åšåˆ°äººé€ 石的装饰效果，而且更具有天然的纹ç†ã€‚
3) ä¸é”ˆé’¢é˜²ç›—é—¨åŒé¢åŠ 玻璃。ä¸ç®¡æ˜¯æµè¡Œè¿˜æ˜¯å®žç”¨ï¼Œè£…—了åŒé¢çŽ»ç’ƒçš„ä¸é”ˆé’¢é˜²ç›—门更容易清æ´ã€æ›´æœ‰å…‰æ´åº¦å¹¶å¤šäº†é˜²çƒŸå’Œéš”音的功能。
4) 布艺沙å‘。一ç§å¯ä»¥éšç€å››å£çš„å˜åŒ–或心情的喜怒哀ä¹è€Œéšæ—¶æ”¹å˜å¤–观色泽和图案的沙å‘，使时尚生活多了一份选择。
5) 多排污å£é©¬æ¡¶æˆ–马桶移ä½å™¨ã€‚ä¸çŸ¥é“是建ç‘å¸ˆçš„ä¹ æƒ¯è¿˜æ˜¯è®¤è¯†é—®é¢˜ï¼Œæ‚¨ä¼šå‘现现在很多房å的马桶排污å£ç¦»å¢™é—´è·éƒ½å¤ªå°ï¼Œåœ¨å¸‚é¢å¾€å¾€å¾ˆéš¾ä¹°åˆ°åˆé€‚的马桶。现在有一ç§è¿›å£çš„å“牌马桶，在马桶底部有三个管å”，å¯ä»¥ä»»æ„拆除其ä¸çš„ä¸€ä¸ªä½œä¸ºå®‰è£…ä¹‹ç”¨ï¼Œè¿™æ ·å°±å¯ä»¥é€‚应ä¸åŒçš„离墙间è·ã€‚作为补救之用的，还有马桶移ä½å™¨ï¼Œå¤§çº¦å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¦»å¢™27cmçš„é—´è·å¢žå¤š5cmå·¦å³(当然，太大的移ä½æœ‰å¯èƒ½é€ æˆå µå¡ž)。
6) 洗手间贴大ç†çŸ³ã€‚与æŸäº›äººé¼“å¹çš„天然石è¾å°„的问题唱å调的是，一些室内设计师开始在洗手问里使用大ç†çŸ³è´´äºŽå¢™é¢ï¼Œè¿™äº›çŸ³å¾€å¾€æ˜¯é’æ¿çŸ³æˆ–者例如“湖å—白â€ç‰çš„ä¸€äº›å›½äº§ä½Žä»·çŸ³æ–™ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬è§„æ ¼éƒ½å¤§äºŽ400mmæˆ–ä»¥ä¸Šï¼Œè§†è§‰ä¸Šå’Œæˆ‘ä»¬é€šå¸¸çœ‹åˆ°çš„ä¸€äº›ç“·ç –å¢™é¢ä¸åŒã€‚
7） 地毯。也许您现在很少看到有人会在家装ä¸ä½¿ç”¨æ»¡é“ºåœ°æ¯¯ï¼Œä½†åœ°æ¯¯å·²ç»æˆä¸ºäººä»¬é€‰æ‹©çš„地é¢æ料之一。其ä¸ä¸»è¦çš„å“ç§æœ‰é«˜æ¡£çš„ä¸è´¨åœ°æ¯¯ã€ä¸æ¡£çš„羊毛地毯和低档的尼龙地毯。
自è´æ料的误区有一些业主宣扬自己如何自è´æ料，åˆå¦‚何划算。其实，这里é¢ä¸»è¦è¿˜æ˜¯ä¸ªä¿¡èª‰é—®é¢˜ã€‚其实æ®ä¸å®Œå…¨ç»Ÿè®¡ï¼Œä¸šä¸»è‡ªå·±åŽ»è´ä¹°æ料，大约è¦å¤šèŠ±1ï¼3～1ï¼2 的钱。那么冤枉钱究竟花在哪儿呢?
1.买了高价货对于商家而言，业主的è´ä¹°é‡å’Œæ¬¡æ•°æœ‰é™ï¼Œä»·æ ¼æ ¹æœ¬ä¸å¯èƒ½æœ‰ä¼˜æƒ 。那么业主如何解决这个问题呢?有点帮助的åšæ³•æ˜¯ï¼šå°½é‡ç©¿å¾—ä¸è¦å¤ªæ–¯æ–‡ï¼›å¤šé€›å‡ 家商店，有问题也ä¸è¦é—®ï¼›å¦‚果在逛商店的过程ä¸æ‚¨è¿˜æœ‰è§£å†³ä¸äº†çš„问题，就继ç»é€›ã€‚ :
2.买了劣质货：
除éžè´ä¹°çš„东西属您的专业范围，例如您是åšè®¡ç®—机的，去买开关æ’座，å¦åˆ™æ‚¨æœ‰å¾ˆå¤§çš„机会é‡åˆ°å‡è´§æˆ–劣质货。现在的劣质货å¯åˆ†ä¸ºå¾ˆå¤šç§ï¼šä¸€ç§æ˜¯æœ¬èº«å°±æ˜¯åŠ£è´¨æ料，如将å«é“é‡ä½Žçš„é“åˆé‡‘当æˆå«é“é‡æ£å¸¸çš„é“åˆé‡‘æ¥å–；一ç§æ˜¯ä»£æ›¿æ料，如买ä¸é”ˆé’¢æŠŠæ‰‹æ—¶ï¼Œå”®è´§å‘˜ç»™æ‚¨ABS(工程塑料)的，该把手表层混å«æœ‰é‡‘属，外行å¬èµ·æ¥è¿˜çœŸåƒæ˜¯é’¢çš„'
3.冤枉货高价货是指åŒä¸€æ ·è´§å“æ‚¨ç”¨è¾ƒé«˜çš„ä»·æ ¼åŽ»ä¹°ï¼Œè€Œå†¤æž‰è´§æ˜¯æœ¬æ¥å¯ä»¥ä¹°ä¾¿å®œçš„ï¼Œæ‚¨ä¹°äº†é«˜ä»·æ ¼çš„å¦ä¸€ç§è´§ã€‚例如在åšä¸€äº›ä¸å…·æœ‰æ‰¿é‡è¦æ±‚的柜å时，有些地方å¯ç”¨å¤§èŠ¯æ¿çš„。当然å¯ä»¥ä¸ç”¨ä¹°ä»·æ ¼é«˜çš„细芯æ¿ã€‚
ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« è£…ä¿®åŸºç¡€äº†è§£å¸¸ç”¨å·¥ç¨‹ææ–™ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« è£…ä¿®åŸºç¡€ä¸€ã€äº†è§£å¸¸ç”¨å·¥ç¨‹æ料（一） 给排水管é“对于家åºè£…ä¿®æ¥è¯´ï¼Œç»™æŽ’水管é“主è¦æ˜¯æŒ‡ç»™æ°´ç®¡é“部分。现在市é¢ä¸Šçš„管é“æ质五花八门，用户往往摸ä¸åˆ°å¤´ç»ªã€‚那么究竟有哪些ç§ç±»ï¼Œåˆæœ‰å“ªäº›é€‚åˆä½¿ç”¨å‘¢?
1) 镀锌é“管。镀锌é“管是目å‰ä½¿ç”¨é‡æœ€å¤§çš„一ç§æ料。由于镀锌é“ç®¡çš„é”ˆèš€é€ æˆæ°´ä¸é‡é‡‘属å«é‡è¿‡é«˜ï¼Œå½±å“人体å¥åº·ï¼Œè®¸å¤šå‘达国家和地区的[url部门已开始明令ç¦æ¢ä½¿ç”¨é•€é”Œé“管。 At present, China is gradually phasing out this type of pipeline.
2) 铜管。铜管是一ç§æ¯”è¾ƒä¼ ç»Ÿä½†ä»·æ ¼è¾ƒè´µçš„ç®¡é“æ质，è€ç”¨è€Œä¸”施工较为方便。在很多进å£å«æµ´äº§å“ä¸ï¼Œé“œç®¡éƒ½æ˜¯é¦–选。 Price is the most important factor affecting its use. In addition, copper corrosion is also a factor on the one hand.
3) ä¸é”ˆé’¢ç®¡ã€‚ä¸é”ˆé’¢ç®¡æ˜¯ä¸€ç§è¾ƒä¸ºè€ç”¨çš„管é“ææ–™ã€‚ä½†å…¶ä»·æ ¼è¾ƒé«˜ï¼Œä¸”æ–½å·¥å·¥è‰ºè¦æ±‚比较高，尤其其æè´¨å¼ºåº¦è¾ƒç¡¬ï¼ŒçŽ°åœºåŠ å·¥éžå¸¸å›°éš¾ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è£…修工程ä¸ç”¨å¾—较少。
4） é“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡ã€‚é“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡æ˜¯ç›®å‰å¸‚é¢ä¸Šè¾ƒä¸ºåƒé¦™çš„一ç§ç®¡æ，由于其质轻ã€è€ç”¨è€Œä¸”施工方便，其å¯å¼¯æ›²æ€§æ›´é€‚åˆåœ¨å®¶è£…ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚其主è¦ç¼ºç‚¹æ˜¯åœ¨ç”¨åšçƒæ°´ç®¡æ—¶ï¼Œé•¿æœŸçš„çƒèƒ€å†·ç¼©ä¼šé€ æˆç®¡å£é”™ä½ä»¥è‡´æ¸—æ¼ã€‚
5) ä¸é”ˆé’¢å¤åˆç®¡ã€‚ä¸é”ˆé’¢å¤åˆç®¡ä¸Žé“å¡‘å¤åˆç®¡åœ¨ç»“构上差ä¸å¤šï¼Œåœ¨ä¸€å®šç¨‹åº¦ä¸Šï¼Œæ€§èƒ½ä¹Ÿæ¯”较接近。åŒæ ·ï¼Œç”±äºŽé’¢çš„强度问题，施工ä»è¾ƒå›°éš¾ã€‚
6) PVC管。 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic pipe is a modern synthetic material pipe.但近年æ¥ç§‘技界å‘现，能使PVCå˜å¾—更为柔软的化å¦æ·»åŠ 剂酞，对人体内肾ã€è‚ã€ç¾ä¸¸å½±å“甚大，会导致癌症ã€è‚¾æŸåï¼Œå¹¶ç ´å人体å†é€ 系统，影å“å‘育。一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œç”±äºŽå…¶å¼ºåº¦è¿œè¿œä¸èƒ½é€‚应水管的承压è¦æ±‚ï¼Œå› æ¤æžå°‘使用于自æ¥æ°´ç®¡ã€‚ In most cases, PVC pipes are suitable for wire and sewage pipes.
7） PP管。PP管分多ç§ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«ä¸ºï¼š
（1） PP-B（嵌段共èšèšä¸™çƒ¯ï¼‰ã€‚由于在施工ä¸é‡‡ç”¨èžæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯ã€‚å› æ¤ä¹Ÿä¿—称çƒèžç®¡ã€‚å…¶æ— æ¯’ã€è´¨è½»ã€è€åŽ‹ã€è€è…蚀，æ£åœ¨æˆä¸ºä¸€ç§æŽ¨å¹¿çš„æ料，但目å‰è£…修工程ä¸é€‰ç”¨çš„还比较少。选用的还比较少。一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œè¿™ç§æè´¨ä¸ä½†é€‚用于冷水管é“，也适用于çƒæ°´ç®¡é“，甚至纯净饮用水管é“。
(2) PP-C(改共èšèšä¸™çƒ¯)管。性能基本åŒÂ±ã€‚
(3) PP-R(æ— è§„å…±èšèšä¸™çƒ¯)管。性能基本åŒä¸Šã€‚
PP-Cã€PP-B与PP-R的的物ç†ç‰¹æ€§åŸºæœ¬ç›¸ä¼¼ï¼Œåº”用范围基本相åŒï¼Œå·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¯æ›¿æ¢ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚主è¦å·®åˆ«ä¸ºï¼šPP-Cã€PP-Bææ–™è€ä½Žæ¸©è„†æ€§ä¼˜äºŽPP- Rï¼›PP-Rææ–™è€é«˜æ¸©æ€§å¥½äºŽPP-Cã€PP-B。在实际应用ä¸ï¼Œå½“液体介质温度≤5℃时，优先选用PP-Cã€PP-B管；当液体介质温度≥65℃时，优先选用PP-R管；当液体介质温度在5~65℃时，PP-Cã€PP-B与PP-R的使用性能基本一致。
(二) 泥水工程基础æ料水泥ã€æ²™åœ¨è£…修工程ä¸å±žäºŽè¾…料，是ä¸å¯ç¼ºå°‘的工程基础æ料。
1.æ°´æ³¥æ ¹æ®é¢œè‰²ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥å¯åˆ†ä¸ºé»‘色水泥ã€ç™½è‰²æ°´æ³¥å’Œå½©è‰²æ°´æ³¥ã€‚é»‘è‰²æ°´æ³¥å¤šç”¨äºŽç Œå¢™ã€å¢™é¢æ‰¹çƒ«ã€ç²˜è´´ç“·ç –ï¼›ç™½è‰²æ°´æ³¥å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ç”¨äºŽå¡«è¡¥ç –ç¼ç‰ä¿®é¥°æ€§çš„用途；彩色水泥多用于水é¢å…·æœ‰è£…é¥°æ€§çš„è£…ä¿®é¡¹ç›®å’Œä¸€äº›äººé€ åœ°é¢ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚水磨石。
æ ¹æ®æˆåˆ†ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥å¯åˆ†ä¸ºç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€æ™®é€šç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€çŸ¿æ¸£æ°´æ³¥ã€ç«å±±ç°æ°´æ³¥å’Œç²‰ç…¤ç°æ°´æ³¥ç‰å¤šç§ã€‚我们常用的水泥是普通硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥åŠç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ï¼Œæœ€å¸¸ä½¿ç”¨çš„是普通硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ï¼Œæ™®é€šè¢‹è£…çš„é‡é‡ä¸º50kg。
æ ¹æ®é»åŠ›ï¼Œæ°´æ³¥åˆ†ä¸ºä¸åŒçš„æ ‡å·ã€‚国家于2001å¹´4æœˆå¯¹æ°´æ³¥æ ‡å·åˆ¶å®šäº†æ–°çš„æ ‡å‡†ã€‚é€šç”¨æ°´æ³¥æ–°æ ‡å‡†æ˜¯ï¼šGBl75—1999《硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€æ™®é€šç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€GBl344-1999《矿渣硅酸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€ç«å±±ç°ç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥åŠç²‰ç…¤ç°ç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€GBl2958-1999《å¤åˆç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥ã€‹ã€‚å…å¤§æ°´æ³¥æ ‡å‡†å®žè¡Œä»¥MPa表示的强度ç‰çº§ï¼Œå¦‚32．5ã€32．5Rã€42．5ã€42．5Rç‰ï¼Œä½¿å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§çš„数值与水泥28å¤©æŠ—åŽ‹å¼ºåº¦æŒ‡æ ‡çš„å¦‚32•5ã€32．５Ｒã€ï¼”２．５ã€ï¼”２．５Ｒç‰ï¼Œä½¿å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§çš„æ•°å€¼ä¸Žæ°´æ³¥ï¼’ï¼˜å¤©æŠ—åŽ‹å¼ºåº¦æŒ‡æ ‡çš„æœ€ä½Žå€¼ç›¸åŒã€‚æ–°æ ‡å‡†è¿˜ç»Ÿä¸€è§„åˆ’äº†æˆ‘å›½æ°´æ³¥çš„å¼ºåº¦ç‰çº§ï¼Œç¡…é…¸ç›æ°´æ³¥åˆ†ï¼“个强度ç‰çº§6个类型，å³42．5ã€42．5Rã€52．5ã€52．5Rã€62．5ã€62．5R。其他五大水泥也分３ç‰çº§6个类型，å³32．5ã€32．5Rã€42．5〠42．5Rã€52．5ã€52．5R。
2.沙沙是水泥沙浆里的必需æ料。 If there is no sand in the cement mortar, the solidification strength will be almost zero.
ä»Žè§„æ ¼ä¸Šï¼Œæ²™å¯åˆ†ä¸ºç»†æ²™ã€ä¸æ²™å’Œç²—沙。沙å粒径0．25～0．35mm的为细沙，粉径0．35～0．5mm的为ä¸æ²™ï¼Œå¤§äºŽ0．5mm的称为粗沙。 Sand is recommended for general home improvement.
从æ¥æºä¸Šï¼Œæ²™å¯åˆ†ä¸ºæµ·æ²™ã€æ²³æ²™å’Œå±±æ²™ã€‚ In the architectural decoration, the state strictly prohibits the use of sand. Although the sea sand is clean, the high salt content will have a great impact on the quality of the project. To distinguish whether it is sea sand or not, it is mainly to see if the sea contains tiny shells. Because of the rough surface of the sand, the cement has a good effect, but the components of the mountain sand are complex, and most of them contain mud and other organic impurities. Therefore, in the general decoration process, river sand is recommended. The surface roughness of river sand is moderate, and it is relatively clean and contains less impurities. The sand that is generally purchased from the market can only be used after being sieved.
3.æ·»åŠ å‰‚ä½¿ç”¨æ°´æ³¥æ²™æµ†æ·»åŠ å‰‚çš„ç›®çš„æ˜¯åŠ å¼ºå…¶ç²˜åŠ›å’Œå¼¹æ€§ï¼Œä¸»è¦çš„å“ç§æœ‰ï¼š
1) 107胶(èšä¹™çƒ¯é†‡ç¼©ç”²é†›)。由于107胶å«æ¯’，污染环境，目å‰å›½å†…一些市已ç»å¼€å§‹ç¦æ¢ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚
2) 白乳胶(èšé†‹é…¸ä¹™çƒ¯ä¹³æ¶²)。，性能è¦æ¯”107èƒ¶å¥½ï¼Œä½†ä»·æ ¼ä¹Ÿç›¸å¯¹è¾ƒé«˜ã€‚
4.æ°´æ³¥ã€æ²™æµ†çš„è°ƒé…一般æ¥è¯´ï¼Œå®¶è£…ä¸çš„æ°´æ³¥ã€æ²™æµ†æ¯”例约为1：3(水泥：沙)，水的用é‡åº”以现场视感为主，ä¸å®œå¤ªå¹²ï¼Œäº¦ä¸èƒ½å¤ªç¨€ã€‚å…¶ä¸æ·»åŠ 剂的比例ä¸å®œè¶…过40%。
5.çº¢ç –çº¢ç –ä¸€èˆ¬ç”±
Carbon crystal is a kind of modified purification of carbon particle heating product,which the short carbon fiber is modified by ball milling processing,and made into microcrystalline particles, then add far infrared emission agent, with special craft synthetic made heating element. High quality carbon particles can generate heat more evenly,more efficient.
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