Abstract: This paper reviews the use of fermentation engineering to ferment mash, straw and pomace to produce microbial feed, improve feed utilization, improve feed quality, eliminate environmental pollution, and help alleviate the shortage of protein feed ingredients in China, as well as microbes. The application of fermented feed in animals and the problems and development prospects of fermented feed.
Key words: fermentation engineering; bismuth raw materials; pomace; microbial fermentation feed
Fermentation engineering, also known as microbial engineering, refers to a technology that uses modern engineering techniques to utilize certain specific functions of microorganisms to produce useful products for humans, or to directly apply microorganisms to industrial production processes [1]. The main body of the fermentation engineering is microorganisms, especially microorganisms that have been genetically engineered by DNA. At present, the fermentation engineering has a good effect in the application of feed and animal feeding. In recent years, the price of feed ingredients has been rising, and the cost of livestock and poultry farming has increased substantially, which has seriously affected the development of animal husbandry and feed industry in China. Therefore, improving feed utilization and improving feed quality is one of the research priorities of the current feed industry [2]. This paper mainly outlines the application of fermentation engineering in feed ingredients.
1. Microbial Fermentation
Eliminate anti-nutritional factors, accumulate beneficial metabolites, improve feed utilization and animal digestion, mainly: against soybean meal. Protein feeds such as cotton aphid, rapeseed meal and peanut meal degrade its anti-nutritional factors, such as the antigenic protein of soybean meal, the gossypol of cotton aphid and the glucosinolate of rapeseed meal, and the in vitro digestion of protein, fermentation can change the raw materials of terpenoids. Physical and chemical properties, reduce anti-nutritional factors, produce beneficial ingredients that promote animal growth, increase feed digestibility, increase palatability, prolong storage time, and detoxify and detoxify, turn toxic mites into non-toxic, low-toxic quality Feed, improve nitrogen utilization, reduce nitrogen pollution in feces, reduce livestock environmental pollution, accumulate beneficial metabolites such as small peptides and lactic acid, inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and greatly reduce or completely replace the use of antibiotics; on barley, straw The feed ingredients are used for in vitro digestion of non-starch polysaccharides, which makes them easy to digest and absorb animals, and improve the metabolic capacity and palatability of the feed [4].
2. Fermented feed ingredients
2.1 Fermented oysters raw materials
Soybean meal is a by-product of soybean oil extraction. It is rich in protein and rich in amino acids. It is a vegetable protein raw material commonly used in animal feed. Ma Wenqiang et al [5] after fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria, crude protein increased by 13.48%, crude fat increased by 18.18%, phosphorus content increased by 55.56%, amino acid increased by 11.49%, trypsin Inhibitors and other anti-nutritional factors have been completely eliminated. Mo Chongwen et al [6] fermented soybean meal with a mixed strain of Aspergillus oryzae and brewer's yeast to increase the crude protein content by 12.1%; Yang Xu [7] used Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment soybean meal in a solid state to increase the protein content by 9.55%;
The cotton aphid has high amino acid content and crude protein content is second only to soybean meal. It is a high quality vegetable protein feed. However, free gossypol has a certain toxic effect on the animal body, which limits its use in feed. In recent years, it has broad application prospects by fermenting cotton aphid, reducing free gossypol content, improving protein utilization rate and improving cotton aphid quality. Zhu Gebin et al [8] used mixed fermentation of cotton aphid to increase the content of small peptide to 18.36%, and the in vitro digestibility increased to 88.59%, which significantly increased the cotton aphid protein. Qiao Xiaoyan et al [9] using Candida tropicalis and Lactobacillus casei to ferment cotton aphid, the detoxification rate of gossypol reached 48.1%, the small peptide content increased by 10.97%, the amino acid increased by 10.81%, and the phytic acid decreased by 1.54%; [10] The fermentation of cotton aphid by Bacillus cereus increased the protein by 3.79%, and the detoxification rate of free gossypol was 53.4%. Jinhongchun [11] used a composite Bacillus fermented cotton aphid to remove the free gossypol by 96.52%.
Rapeseed meal contains anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolate, erucic acid, tannin, phytic acid and sinapine, which severely limits its application in feed. Therefore, detoxification of rapeseed meal by fermentation has been widely used. nutrition. Wang Gang [12] improved the degradation rate of sulphur by 53.4%, the crude protein by 5.58%, the rapeseed peptide by 8.1%, and the protein in vitro digestibility by 1.94. Lu Yu et al [13] The removal rate of glucosinolate was 97% by solid mixed fermentation; Sun Lin et al [14] carried out solid-state fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium butyricum to reduce the rate of glucosinolates in rapeseed 85.19%, the crude protein content increased by 4.37%.
China is a large agricultural country with abundant crop straw resources. About 65%-80% of the dry matter in straw can provide energy for animals. At present, less than 10% of the feed is used, and most of the straw is directly returned to the field or used as fuel. The use of it has caused a lot of waste of resources and polluted the environment [15]. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to use the fermentation method to treat straw into feed. Huang et al [16] used mixed bacteria to ferment straw, the lignin degradation rate reached 44.77%, and the cellulose degradation rate reached 41.48%. Li Riqiang et al [17] increased the true protein content of corn stover by 129.6% and the crude protein by 29.59% by solid state fermentation. Wang Yiming [18] after fermentation of mixed bacteria, the degradation of straw cellulose was 38.5%, the degradation rate was 28.2%; the degradation of hemicellulose was 13.7%, the degradation rate was 27.5%; the protein content increased to 15.43%, which was 12.32% higher than that before fermentation.
2.2. residue
As a large agricultural country, a large amount of agricultural and sideline products such as straw and pomace are produced every year. How to rationally and scientifically use these wastes to convert into feed ingredients. The use of fermentation to treat these wastes to produce protein feed not only improves resource utilization, but also eliminates environmental pollution and improves the environment. Guangxi Jinmike Biotechnology Co., Ltd. uses sugar cane and cassava residue as raw materials to produce single-cell protein feed ingredients. A variety of protein feed ingredients can be developed to alleviate the dependence of the feed industry on food and promote the development of the aquaculture industry [19]. Bagasse is the main by-product of the sugar factory, containing only 1.5%-3.0% crude protein, low nutritional value and poor palatability. In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of feed grain in China, the research on the fermentation process of bagasse feed raw material was carried out. Hu Yumei et al [20] experimental results show that using Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and Candida utilis three kinds of bacteria, bagasse, molasses according to 8:2 ingredients, ratio of material to water 1:3, adding 6% (NH4) 2SO4 , natural pH value, fermentation temperature 30 ° C, mixed fermentation 36 h, the crude protein content of the feed after fermentation increased to 11.48%, the flavor, palatability is much better than bagasse, can be used as feed for cattle, sheep and so on. Xu Yafei [21] based on microbiology and fermentation engineering theory, using microbial solid-state fermentation technology to study the use of sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane molasses to produce fermented feed, to obtain bagasse and sugar cane molasses fermented feed with high feeding value, which does not produce during production. “Three Wastes†has opened up a new way for the comprehensive utilization of sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane molasses, which is of great significance to the cane sugar industry, animal husbandry, feed industry and environmental sustainable development. Zhang Changxia [22] The true protein content of the solid-state fermented apple pomace was 13.0%, which was 40% higher than that before fermentation and 500% higher than the original pomace. The activities of pectinase, protease and cellulase were 126.2U, 2.9U and 55.2U, respectively, and the enzymatic properties of pectinase were studied. Camellia seed wet residue is a by-product of oil tea seed oil extraction. If it is not fully utilized, it will waste resources and pollute the environment. Wang Xiaorong [23] studied the feasibility of using micro-organic fermentation of oil-tea seed wet residue as raw material to produce bacterial protein feed, and studied and analyzed the fermentation process and fermentation products. After drying, the crude protein content of the fermented product increased from 22.54% before inoculation to 39.34%, the increase rate was 74.53%, the crude fiber decreased from 46.18% to 42.12%, and the degradation rate was 8.79%. 17 amino acids were detected. The content increased to varying degrees, the most increased is tyrosine, followed by glutamic acid, leucine, alanine and lysine.
3. Characteristics of microbial fermentation feed and its role in culture
Microbial fermented feed has natural fermented aroma, good palatability, good attracting effect; contains a large number of beneficial bacteria; harmful bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus are typical representatives), the number is extremely low, no more than 10cfu/g; the pH of the fermented product is low, around 4.5, containing a large amount of organic acids (mainly lactic acid and acetic acid).
Microbial fermented feed can inhibit the reproduction of harmful bacteria and keep the intestinal flora normal. 1. Inhibit and prevent the occurrence of harmful bacteria in the intestine, increase the beneficial bacteria, and restore the healthy intestinal flora. It mainly inhibits the reproduction of pathogenic coliforms, Clostridium, Salmonella, and β-hemolytic bacteria. 2. Production of digestive enzymes, synthetic vitamins can produce digestive enzymes such as amylase and protease, and vitamin B group, and the synthesis of vitamin A has also been confirmed. 3. Enhance the immune effect, increase the strength by stimulating the immune cells in the intestinal tract and increasing the formation of local antibodies. Macrophage activity. Vitamin A is used to enhance immunity in microbial feed additives. 4. Hydrogen peroxide is produced. Hydrogen peroxide has a detrimental effect on several potential pathogenic microorganisms. It is formed by some special substances on some substrates.
4. Application of microbial fermented feed
Peng Zhongli [24], microbial fermentation feed for goats, compared with the control group, the average daily weight gain of the experimental group I and II was significantly increased (P <0.01); crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid The apparent digestibility of the washed fiber was significantly increased (P<0.05); the incidence was significantly reduced (P<0.01), but the total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase content groups The difference was not significant (P>0.05); each goat increased by 0.33 yuan and 0.15 yuan more than the control group. Lin Biaosheng [25] showed that the average daily gain of the microbial fermented feed group for weaned piglets was increased by 5.56% compared with the conventional feed group, while the feed-to-weight ratio was reduced by 3.53%. In addition, the beneficial bacteria in the feces of the experimental group increased, and the pH value decreased, which was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05). Gold pile [26] used lactic acid bacteria fermentation feed to feed large-scale pig farms. The results showed that the feed intake and average daily weight gain of pigs fed lactic acid bacteria fermented feed increased significantly, and the ratio of feed to meat and incidence decreased. Qi Hengxiao [27] found that the average daily gain of growing and fertilizing pigs fed the fermented feed increased by 5.02% compared with the conventional feed, but there was no significant difference in daily gain, feed intake and feed-to-meat ratio (P<0.05). The economic benefit analysis showed that the fermented feed group had an average income of 17.09 yuan per pig compared with the ordinary compound feed group. The results of Qiu涓 [28] showed that the average daily gain of feeding fermented feed for piglets was 10.19%, which was significantly different (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between feed intake and feed-to-meat ratio (P>0.05). But it shows a certain advantage. It indicated that the addition of bio-fermented feed to the diet had a certain promoting effect on the growth performance of piglets. Compared with the control, Huang Shijin [29] increased the daily gain of tilapia by 10%, 15% and 20% microbial fermentation feeds by 1.75%, 22.14% and 21.36%, respectively; the survival rate was significantly improved, respectively ( 96.10±0.60)%, (98.07±0.81)% and (97.67±0.63)%; the feed coefficient decreased significantly, which decreased by 5.51%, 15.14% and 15.60% respectively; the economic benefits of raising were improved, and 15% were added. Compound microbial fermented feed produces the highest unit profit. Li Hui et al [30] replaced the fish meal in the basal diet with the ratio of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the fermented soybean meal, respectively, and studied the growth and feed appearance of the fermented soybean meal on the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The effect of digestibility; fermented soybean meal in the channel fork tail diet can replace 100% fish meal, with a 25% replacement effect. Wu Yan [31] studied the effects of cotton aphid fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, blood physical and chemical indicators and immune indexes of AA broilers. The experiment showed that adding 6% of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented cotton aphid in the diet can improve Growth performance, blood physical and chemical indicators and immune performance of broilers. Xu Xingjun [32] used potato fermentation feed to feed the meat rabbits and found that the feed can promote the weight gain of the meat rabbits, reduce the feed consumption, and improve the protein utilization rate and the fat content of the rabbit meat. Yang Qichun [33] found that the daily growth of young rabbits fed fermented feed was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05).
5. Existing problems and research hotspots
At present, the main problems in the production of fermented feed are: 1. The fermentation characteristics of different strains are different from the fermentation process, and the research on the nutritional characteristics of the fermented feed is not sufficient. 2. Different strains are fed different types of fermented feed. The mechanism of animal studies is not clear. 3. The fermentation feed safety evaluation system has not been established. Therefore, the production of fermented feed requires a sound scientific evaluation system, comprehensive evaluation of fermented feed from nutrients, sanitation, etc., and the need to feed different fermentation strains and fermented feeds for different animal growth requires more in-depth research. Animals seek a more reliable and safe feed and also increase the feed utilization of feed.
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(Author: Hank Great Chengdu Biological Technology Co., the Department of Biotechnology hole DDC Ling Qing Bin, Deputy General Manager 6v9
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