(1) Thermocouple Thermometer
1. Principle and Structure of Thermocouple Thermometer
A thermocouple thermometer is a temperature-measuring device that operates based on the thermoelectric effect, where two different metal conductors or a semiconductor are joined together to form a junction. When this junction is exposed to heat, it generates a thermoelectric potential. This device typically consists of three main components: the thermocouple itself, compensation wires, and an electrical measuring instrument such as a galvanometer.
The thermocouple has a hot junction (working end) that is placed into the medium being measured, while the cold junction (free end) is connected to the measuring device via wires. A temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions creates a voltage, which causes current to flow through the wires. The greater the temperature difference, the higher the voltage and current produced. By observing the deflection of the pointer on the measuring instrument, the temperature of the medium can be directly read.
Common types include the ordinary platinum-rhodium thermocouple (WRLL), which can measure up to 1600°C; the platinum-rhodium-platinum thermocouple (WRLB), with a maximum of 1400°C; and the nickel-chromium-nickel silicon thermocouple (WREU), capable of measuring up to 1100°C.
The advantages of a thermocouple thermometer include high sensitivity, a wide measurement range, no need for an external power supply, and the ability to perform remote measurements and recordings. However, it requires compensation for the free end, and installation costs can be relatively high. It is widely used in industrial boilers to measure steam temperature, furnace flame temperature, and flue gas temperature.
2. Installation and Usage Requirements for Thermocouple Thermometers
(1) The thermocouple should be installed in a location that is easily accessible and not subject to vibration or impact.
(2) It should be placed in the center of the medium being measured, at a 45° angle to the flow direction, with a depth of at least 150 mm. For furnace temperature measurements, it is usually inserted vertically. If vertical insertion is not possible, horizontal installation is acceptable, but the length inserted into the furnace should not exceed 500 mm. If longer, support is required.
(3) After installation, the plug hole should be sealed with mud to prevent cold air from entering and affecting accuracy. For ceramic-protected thermocouples, they should be slowly inserted into the medium to avoid damage from sudden temperature changes.
(4) The temperature of the free end significantly affects the measurement result. Therefore, it must be either continuously corrected or kept constant during use.
(2) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
1. Principle and Structure of RTD
A resistance temperature detector, or thermal resistor, measures temperature by detecting changes in the resistance of a conductor or semiconductor. The resistance value is measured, and from that, the corresponding temperature is determined. Common materials used for RTDs include platinum and copper, known for their stability and accuracy over a wide temperature range.
2. Protective Housing
The outer casing of the RTD is usually protected by a protective sleeve made of materials resistant to high temperatures, corrosion, and mechanical stress. The sleeve must also provide good sealing to ensure accurate readings under various conditions.
3. Applications and Advantages
RTDs are particularly suitable for measuring temperatures below 500°C, where they offer higher accuracy compared to thermocouples. For example, a pin-type RTD can measure temperatures ranging from -200°C to 650°C, while a copper-based RTD covers -50°C to 150°C. RTDs can also be used for long-distance temperature measurement and display. Their installation method is similar to that of thermocouples, with the RTD connected to a temperature display instrument via wires to form a complete temperature measurement system for gases, liquids, and vapors.
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