Phosphate fertilizer application can be enhanced by mixing it with organic compost. This method, known as post-fermentation application, helps to improve the solubility of phosphorus. Organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter, phosphoric acid, and various weak organic acids that can convert insoluble phosphorus into a more available form. As a result, not only does this significantly increase the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers, but it also effectively prevents issues like fertilizer burn.
When combined with nitrogen, potassium, and zinc fertilizers, the benefits are further amplified. Based on the nutrient requirements of wheat for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, applying these additional nutrients alongside phosphate fertilizer can help address soil deficiencies and boost phosphate utilization by 20% to 30%. A typical recommendation includes using 4,000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per acre, along with 50 kg of standard phosphate, 30 kg of nitrogen, 12 kg of potassium, and 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate in zinc-deficient areas. For lower-yield fields, the amounts may be slightly reduced to 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer, 50 kg of phosphate, 35 kg of nitrogen, 8 kg of potassium, and 1 kg of zinc sulfate.
Centralized application of phosphate fertilizer is another effective strategy. By reducing the contact between the fertilizer and the soil, this method minimizes the fixation of phosphorus by elements such as calcium, magnesium, and aluminum—especially in soils like yellow-red, calcareous, yellow, sandy loam, and black soils. Studies have shown that concentrated application can enhance phosphorus use efficiency by 28% and increase wheat yield by 11.8%.
The recommended method involves placing the phosphate fertilizer 8–10 cm deep in the soil before planting, using a planter, and then sowing the wheat seeds 1–2 cm away from the fertilizer layer. This ensures better root access without direct contact.
Choosing the right type of phosphate fertilizer based on soil conditions is also important. In neutral or alkaline soils, water-soluble superphosphate is preferred because its weak acidity helps neutralize soil alkalinity. On acidic soils, calcium magnesium phosphate (a weakly alkaline fertilizer) is ideal. It not only improves fertilizer efficiency but also helps reduce soil acidity, protecting wheat roots from damage.
Applying the correct dosage is crucial. While increasing the amount of phosphate fertilizer initially boosts yield, the marginal gain decreases over time. Too little may not significantly impact yield. A general guideline suggests an application rate of 50–60 kg per acre for optimal results.
Root top dressing is another technique used during critical growth stages, such as jointing, booting, and filling. Applying 2–3 kg of superphosphate in clear water, filtering the residue, and mixing it with 50–60 kg of water for foliar spray can increase yield by 4% to 6%. Alternatively, spraying a 0.2% solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate at a rate of 60–80 kg per acre, applied three times, can strengthen stalks and increase yield by 4.6% to 8.1%. Foliar sprays should be done on sunny days after 3 PM or on cloudy days to avoid evaporation and ensure better absorption.
Foliar application offers several advantages: it requires less fertilizer, acts quickly, and is not limited by soil moisture. Using a sprayer, apply the solution in a "one pass, four sides penetrate" manner, ensuring both sides of the leaves are evenly covered. This method maximizes nutrient uptake and enhances overall plant health.
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