Activated carbon is a versatile and widely used material that has been both traditional and modern in its applications. Also known as a carbon molecular sieve, its chemical formula is simply C. The CAS number is 64365-11-3, and the EINECS number is 264-864-4. Over the past century, the use of activated carbon has expanded significantly, with its applications growing across various industries.
First, let's explore the different types of activated carbon:
1. **Activated Carbon Overview**
Activated carbon is a man-made material created through high-temperature carbonization and activation processes. It is known for its large surface area, high adsorption capacity, and ability to remove impurities, odors, and color from liquids and gases. Since its development, it has found increasing use in numerous fields, including environmental protection, water treatment, and industrial purification.
2. **Wood-Based Activated Carbon**
Made from high-quality wood, this type of activated carbon is typically in powder form. It undergoes carbonization and activation at high temperatures, resulting in a structure with extensive micropores, a large surface area, and strong decolorizing properties. It is commonly used in food processing, beverage production, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, and water purification. Its ability to absorb larger molecules makes it ideal for removing color and impurities from liquid solutions.
3. **Coal-Based Activated Carbon**
Produced from high-quality anthracite, coal-based activated carbon comes in various forms such as granular, powdered, cylindrical, or honeycomb-shaped. It offers high strength, fast adsorption speed, and a well-developed pore structure, making it suitable for air and water purification, gas treatment, and industrial waste management. It is especially effective in removing contaminants from wastewater, industrial gases, and solvents.
4. **Columnar Activated Carbon**
This type is often used in the purification of toxic gases, industrial and domestic water treatment, and solvent recovery. It plays a crucial role in various sectors, including petrochemicals, power generation, chemical manufacturing, and food processing. It is also used in deodorization, desulfurization, and the removal of harmful substances from air and water. Additionally, it is applied in cigarette filters, automotive pollution control, and other specialized applications.
Second, the combination and application of activated carbon:
Activated carbon is a hydrophobic adsorbent made from carbon-based materials and processed through high-temperature carbonization and activation. It contains a vast network of micropores, providing a large surface area that allows it to effectively remove color, odor, and organic pollutants from wastewater. It can also adsorb certain inorganic compounds and heavy metals.
Several factors influence its adsorption efficiency, including the properties of the activated carbon itself, the nature and concentration of the contaminant, pH levels, suspended solids, and the contact system. Activated carbon is one of the most effective technologies in advanced wastewater treatment and is widely used in municipal and industrial settings.
It can efficiently adsorb chlorinated hydrocarbons, insecticides like organophosphates and carbamates, phenols, naphthalene, and many aromatic compounds. However, it is less effective against certain byproducts, such as intermediate degradation products of proteins and trihalomethanes (THMs), which have lower removal rates (around 23–60%).
To enhance its performance, activated carbon is often combined with other treatment methods, such as ozone-activated carbon, coagulation-adsorption, Habberer process, and activated carbon-diatomite systems. These combinations improve the efficiency, extend the adsorption cycle, reduce the required dosage, and broaden the range of contaminants that can be removed.
In conclusion, activated carbon remains a critical and evolving material with broad applications and promising future developments in environmental and industrial sectors.
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