Flowers have both broad and narrow definitions. In a narrow sense, they refer to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, such as impatiens, chrysanthemums, cockscombs, and red flowers. In a broader context, the term "flowers" includes not only herbaceous plants but also ground-covering plants, flowering shrubs, trees, and even bonsai. Examples include Ophiopogon japonica, Sedum, clumping phlox, and various flowering trees like plum, peach, rose, and camellia. Additionally, tall trees and shrubs from southern regions that are moved to colder northern areas are often cultivated in greenhouses for ornamental purposes, such as white orchids, Indian rubber trees, and palm plants—these are also considered part of the broader category of flowers.
The word "flower" has its roots in oracle bone script from the Shang Dynasty, where it was represented as "Hua," depicting a blooming flower with lush foliage. According to Han Shen Xu Shen’s *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*, "Hui" refers to all types of grasses, and the combination of "Hua" and "Hui" appeared later. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the text *Liang Shu He Dian Chuan* mentioned: "There are loyalists in the garden, and plants are planted on the side of the plaque." This is one of the earliest references to the combined use of "Hua" and "Hui." However, this usage became less common in ancient Chinese literature. In Japan, influenced by classical Chinese horticultural texts, the term "flower" emerged in Beyin Yixuan’s *Flowers* published in 1698. It gradually evolved into a specific gardening term after the mid-18th century. By the 1920s, the term was reintroduced to China from Japan and has remained in use ever since.
In biological terms, flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, responsible for producing offspring. A typical flower consists of a short axis with a calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils that generate reproductive cells. Some scientists argue that the spore-bearing leaves of gymnosperms could also be considered "flowers," but most classify angiosperms as flowering plants due to their distinct floral structures. The parts of a flower are relatively stable and less affected by external conditions, making them a key feature in the classification, identification, and evolutionary study of angiosperms over time.
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