Comparison of categories The categories of folk furniture are generally diverse and diverse, with no rules. Palace furniture is rich in category, pursuing exquisiteness and luxury. Some furniture with special functions are of a ceremonial nature. For example, the emperor's throne is the emperor's special furniture. The variety and shape are unique, and a series of matching furnishings are needed to set off.
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The categories of folk furniture are mainly related to local lifestyles and customs, and have local characteristics. At the same time, due to economic constraints, folk furniture pays special attention to functions, such as Da Kang, Kang tables, Kang boxes, pillow boxes, board cabinets, and bar stools in Shaanxi.
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Timber The principle of timber used in folk furniture is to measure the quantity of wood, big wood is used for large, small wood is used for small, different types of wood are used together, and scraps are used for splicing. The folk have some related formulas: Nan with purple (Pterocarpus); ebony with boxwood; Korean inlaid Catalpa; Chuanbai with cinnamomum camphora (camellia gall); beech wood table with fir bottom, elm cabinet and poplar gang For example, the main part of folk furniture in Guanzhong, Shaanxi is usually elm, catalpa, etc., and the minor parts such as boarding and drawers are made of softer materials such as tung wood. The carving and minor parts of folk furniture in southern Anhui also use different materials.
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Qing-style palace furniture is exquisite in terms of materials. It does not hesitate to use large materials and good materials. When some big materials must be spliced, they are also carefully selected, the texture direction remains consistent, and the colors are harmonious and unified. All the furniture of the palace is made of precious wood and spread with materials, reflecting the value of the ruling class squandering waste.
In addition to the main materials, furniture also has some auxiliary materials. Among them, the auxiliary materials of folk furniture mostly use locally produced big lacquer, tung oil, painting pigments, etc., all of which are made locally, with low cost. Qing-style court furniture has a wide variety of decoration, such as bone inlay, jade inlay, ivory inlay, stone inlay, porcelain inlay, and inlay of treasure, etc. The decoration materials are mainly purchased from other places, the process is complicated and the price is expensive.
Material selection Folklore furniture is generally made from local materials, mainly "miscellaneous wood", from the economic and practical point of view to save money and achieve low cost in transportation and circulation.
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For example, the folk furniture in Guanzhong, Shaanxi, mainly uses elm, chinensis, locust wood, and tung wood that are widely planted locally; the folk furniture in southern Anhui mainly uses fir, pine, camphor, ginkgo, bamboo, and rattan, which are locally abundant; Shanxi folk furniture generally uses local walnut wood and catalpa wood. All of these reflect the virtue of the people's diligence and frugality and the value concept of local materials.
The service objects of the palace furniture are the palace and the royal palace, and they are deeply influenced by the extravagance of the palace in terms of production specifications and aesthetic taste. In order to show the royal power and sole status of the royal family, this type of furniture pursues magnificence, majesty, and style, with "hardwood" as the price, and precious hardwood with deep color, dense texture, and fine texture is mostly used. Huanghuali is the first choice for Ming-style furniture, and red sandalwood is the first choice for Qing-style furniture. The materials used are the same, and all kinds of wood are not mixed.
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Comparison of modeling and decoration Folk furniture pays attention to practicality, so the furniture is simple and simple in style, with relatively few decorations and relatively simple decoration techniques. Most of the decoration themes imply auspiciousness, wealth and safety. For example, Shaanxi Guanzhong Folk Furniture (Picture 1), the main types of decoration are painted paint, carving, painting, etc., mainly local decoration, decorative patterns originate from nature (animals, plants, etc.), combined with geometric patterns, the theme mostly reflects auspiciousness Culture, such as praying for prosperity, safety, prosperity, family prosperity, prosperity and longevity.
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Cultural Type The essence of folklore is culture, which is a special cultural form. The culture carried by folk furniture is the crystallization of folk wisdom. It is closely related to the local natural environment, lifestyle, local customs, aesthetic taste, consumption patterns, and values. Its spread and development have always been integrated with the local ethnic customs and cultural customs, so it has the characteristics of regional culture and traditional culture. Therefore, folk furniture culture is folk culture, local culture, local culture, and local culture. Compared with upper culture, it belongs to the "basic" culture.
The categories of European and American palace furniture are standardized and systematic. Among them, the court furniture of the Ming Dynasty is very complete, and the sitting and lying homes have thrones, couches, canopy beds, pull-out beds, arhat beds, lamp hanging chairs, circle chairs, cross chairs, Nanguan hat chairs, four-headed official hat chairs, rose chairs. , Screen back chairs, square stools, bar stools, drums, etc .; Pingyi's homes have flat-headed cases, tilt-headed cases, flower tables, fragrance tables, coffee tables, piano tables, square tables, etc .; storage-type homes have cabinets, cabinets, boxes There are also various types of bracket furniture, such as hangers, basin racks, towel racks, lamp stands, mirror stands, etc. and screen furniture. From the Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period, the court furniture was full of variety and variety. There were folding desks and multi-bags.
European and American court furniture serves the privileged class of the emperor and his royal aristocracy, and meets the needs of the emperor, the imperial palace, and the imperial power. The emperor is the symbol of the country and the core of the authoritarian centralization. The palace with the emperor as the core is the center of the country. Therefore, the culture carried by the palace furniture is the official culture, royal culture, or palace culture, feudal political culture, which is undoubtedly a big tradition and belongs to the "upper" culture.
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Cultural characteristics Folklore furniture is combined with various folklore activities, and everyone uses it for self-education, reflecting the fundamental attributes of folklore. Any folklore is "people learn from each other, pass on from generation to generation", relying on customary forces, hereditary forces and psychological beliefs, so it has the characteristics of inheritance and stability. Folk furniture also changes with the lifestyle, and it can create a new lifestyle itself, which has the characteristics of variability. It is closely related to the local natural environment, lifestyle, customs, aesthetic taste, consumption methods, and values. Relevant, its spread and development have always been integrated with the local ethnic customs and cultural customs, based on local traditions, is the abbreviation of local culture, is the crystallization of folk wisdom, so it has more regional culture and traditional cultural characteristics, and it reflects The civilian culture has the characteristics of originality, inheritance and regionality.
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Comparison of design and production The design and production of folk furniture are generally completed by the same craftsman, and are produced in their own yard or in a local workshop. The conception, planning, production, coloring, etc. are decided by folk craftsmen. Craftsmen create freely, without deliberate constraints and restrictions, thus forming the characteristics of colorful and diverse specifications of folk furniture.
Most of the European and American palace furniture is required to be built in designated places in the palace, such as the Qing Dynasty Ministry of Internal Affairs Office. The design of the palace furniture must follow a certain model, with a strict set of approval procedures. The construction, acceptance and modification of each piece of furniture are recorded, especially the emperor directly participated in the design, and the production division is also very fine. There are many decoration departments in the construction office, which constitute the combination of carpentry and other crafts, thus forming a new form of palace furniture in the Qing Dynasty.
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In short, folk furniture is freely created by folk craftsmen, and the forms and specifications are diverse; palace furniture often involves the royal family, with many rules and fine production.
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The court furniture reflects the emperor culture and royal culture centered on the emperor, royal palace, and imperial power. The emperor is the symbol of the country and the core of the authoritarian centralization. The palace with the emperor as the core is the center of the country, and its culture is not local. It is not local, it is undoubtedly a big tradition, it is the upper culture, and it has become the most representative symbol of traditional Chinese culture. It is a classic culture in a certain sense. The emperor is noble, and this furniture for feudal emperors to emphasize the orthodox and exclusive status of the emperor, emphasizes and pursues magnificence, majesty, and style to show off his supreme thoughts and feelings and deter all power. Therefore, the palace culture is unique, holistic and symbolic.
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Through the comparative study of folk furniture and palace furniture culture, we can clearly understand the development trajectory of traditional furniture in China. China always pays attention to utensils, and the masses of people have created countless excellent folk furniture, whose significance has far exceeded its own use function, and has become a carrier and symbol of folk culture. The Ming and Qing court furniture absorbed the essence of folk furniture culture, and refined and sublimated it. After the fusion of multiple cultures and the fusion of Chinese and Western cultures, the glory of the era was created and developed to its peak. Through the comparative study of the two, it is enough to draw lessons from it, and as a reference for modern design, explore a road of modern furniture development with Chinese characteristics.
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Folk furniture is an indispensable tool for folk life. It is accompanied by the production and life of the general public to meet the most basic needs of people. It reflects the culture of life. The folk furniture is placed in folk residences, neighborhoods, shops, ancestral halls, etc. The space is generally relatively low and narrow, so its shape is simple, simple and natural, the scale is moderate, and it is compatible with the ordinary residential living environment.
European and American court furniture is a product of the development of society to a certain stage. It is produced to meet the needs of the emperor, the palace, and the imperial power, reflecting the palace culture. The palace furniture is arranged in palace buildings, such as the Forbidden City, Old Summer Palace, Summer Palace, etc. The space is tall and spacious, and the momentum is magnificent, so this type of furniture is super large, heavy and majestic, and magnificent, which is compatible with the magnificent palace environment.
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The categories of European and American palace furniture are standardized and systematic. Among them, the court furniture of the Ming Dynasty is very complete, and the sitting and lying homes have thrones, couches, canopy beds, pull-out beds, arhat beds, lamp hanging chairs, circle chairs, cross chairs, Nanguan hat chairs, four-headed official hat chairs, rose chairs. , Screen back chairs, square stools, bar stools, drums, etc .; Pingyi's homes have flat-headed cases, tilt-headed cases, flower tables, fragrance tables, coffee tables, piano tables, square tables, etc .; storage-type homes have cabinets, cabinets, boxes There are also various types of bracket furniture, such as hangers, basin racks, towel racks, lamp stands, mirror stands, etc. and screen furniture. From the Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period, the court furniture was full of variety and variety. There were folding desks and multi-bags.
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